User:Olea/Workshop2

Landscapes of cultural interest in the province of Jaén is in the province of Jaén. The Route of the Landscapes of Cultural Interest in Jaén is a cultural route that runs through various cultural landscapes  of the province that, due to their socio-cultural, natural and geographical values, are of special interest. The original reference documentation is available on the website of the Digital Guide to the Cultural Heritage of Andalusia.

Understand
"… From the road, the mountains just seemed to be rock and bushes,

barren rocks under an inclement sky, but those of us who had

been born among them knew them well, and we knew the wealth

they were hiding for whoever was able to find it…"

- GRANDES, Almudena

The Route through Landscapes of Cultural Interest in the province of Jaén offers a journey along 8 of the 117 landscapes included in the Register of Landscapes of Cultural Interest in Andalusia. To date, 17 landscapes in the province have been designated of cultural interest and some of those that belong to the Jaen following categories in the Classification of Cultural Landscapes in Andalusia have been selected for this Route: the settlement system (the Aldeaquemada and Chiclana de Segura landscapes); the communications system and transport (the Quesada to Tíscar pass landscape); the security and defence system (the Hornos and Otíñar landscapes); the system for obtaining and processing resources (the Mágina Mountains olive-growing landscape and the Cástulo-Linares mining landscape) and ideological and associative systems (the Andújar pilgrimage and the Source of the Guadalquivir landscapes). All of these will be outlined below. However, the technical information files that condense and analyse the scientific and technical information on each of these spaces can be referred to if you wish to garner some knowledge and pleasure from the Huelva province cultural landscapes included on this Route. They can be accessed via the Digital Guide of the Cultural Heritage of Andalusia by clicking on the landscapes on the map.

You can set out on the proposed route from the city of Jaén or any of the selected landscapes as the aim of this journey is to show the different ways that people used to relate to and now relate to the places where they live and how their interaction with the environment has resulted in the forming of different categories of cultural landscapes. These landscapes currently not only make the province of Jaén unique but are an interesting resource for achieving sustainable territorial development.

The province of Jaén used to be one of the Four Kingdoms of the Crown of Castile to the south of the Morena Mountains. It is in the eastern part of Andalusia and borders on the provinces of Ciudad Real to the north, Albacete to the east, Granada to the south and Cordoba to the west. The easternmost part of the Morena Mountains passes through the north of Jaén province. Large sectors of pre-Baetic (Cazorla and Segura Mountains) and sub-Baetic mountain ranges (Mágina and Sierra de Alta Coloma Mountains) occupy the east and the south of the province and, lastly, the beginnings of the Guadalquivir valley depression is in the middle of the province. This territory is full of very contrasting landscapes and home to a vast cultural heritage that is the product of an ongoing human presence from prehistoric times to the present day. Heritage sites of enormous heritage importance survive, including prehistoric rock paintings and engravings, Iberian settlements and burial grounds and fortifications and settlements from mediaeval, Al-Andalus and Castilian times. A highly representative amount of this heritage characterises its landscapes and can be found in -and is an intrinsic part of- the protected natural spaces due to their territorial values (landscape, environmental and cultural). The protected areas include the Despeñaperros, Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas parks (the last of these covers practically all the eastern third of the province), the Mágina Mountains and the Andújar Mountains parks, and the northern sector, which forms part of the Nature 2000 network. The lack of a strong structure means that the population in the territory is widely scattered and that there is a consolidated network of peripheral population centres that are as important as the provincial capital itself. So, great differences can be seen in the distribution of the urban areas, with clusters in the central-western and southern areas -Jaén itself, Linares, Andújar, Bailén, Úbeda, Baeza and Alcalá la Real- and the rural areas, where the population is mainly located in the eastern mountain ranges. As a consequence, the provincial production structure is characterised by an agricultural sector dependent on the monoculture of olives that generates insufficient added value and whose cyclical nature affects the development of other sectors, in rural areas, especially; a construction sector closely linked to agricultural cycles and, lastly, an industrial sector dominated by small, low-tech companies. The province is also the regional leader in the sale of animal products, whereas its industrial potential is mainly based on the manufacture of pewter, the manufacture and sale of synthetic or artificial filaments, and garments made of fur.

Prepare
The route is designed to be done in a private vehicle. In order to use public transport, you must leave from the in the capital, which concentrates the road communications and buses depart to the whole province. Previously the schedules should be consulted with the intention of planning the route. However, some of the places indicated in the route may not be accessible by public transport.

When traveling through mountainous areas, it should be taken into account that there may be sudden changes in the weather, such as storms or sudden drops in temperature, so you should always have warm clothing. On the other hand, in times of greater sunshine and sunshine hours, sunscreen should be used due to the greater impact of ultraviolet rays in this area.

Get in
The itinerary starts in the city of Jaén, which can be accessed by road via the, which connects it with Granada and Madrid on one side, and on the other the which connects it with Sevilla and Córdoba. Public transport by road is centered on the.

By train on the it has direct access to Seville, Cordoba, Cadiz and Madrid.

Jaén has no airport of its own. The nearest is located  away.

Drive
=== ===

Route: , ,, , ( - 30min.)

The canyon gouged out by the Quiebrajano River to the south of the city of Jaén makes its way through a land with mountains and sheer rock faces until it reaches the reservoir of the same name. It forms a natural pass between the Jaén and Pago de las Cimbras Mountains to the west and the Propios Mountains, to the east. The canyon plunges to depths of 200 m and its sheer sides are covered in caves and caverns. The uneven escarpments form vertical, narrow landscapes in which the grey and green of the pines dominate; the maritime pines stand out on the rocky slopes although holm oaks and Mediterranean shrub are studded around the exposed sides and high plateaux.

Differential erosion produces chalky, needle-like structures on the valley floor, complementary vertical forms that have been exploited to create a strategic location looking over the valley pass, Otíñar Castle. Its location near the city of Jaén and on the Old Road to Granada afforded Otíñar a major role in the defence of the Castile-Al Andalus border between the 13th and the 15th centuries, and it is this that gives a special meaning to the landscape thanks to the striking image of the fortress. Notwithstanding, Otíñar brings together a set of diachronic activities and cultural expressions that range from prehistoric cave paintings on rock walls to farming since the mediaeval period. The town of Santa Cristina, which was inhabited between 1824 and 1970, sustained the forestry and agriculture in the grasslands and the livestock farming in the mountains to the south of Jaén.

Built in ashlar masonry. It stands out for its construction adapting to the relief of the mountain in which it is located. It preserves a tower of homage with two floors, whose rooms have barrel vaults. Inside the walled enclosure there are remains of three towers and a church.

In the area there are also important archaeological sites that cannot be visited, such as:
 * In this valley are located: a cave with Neolithic occupation; a Neolithic fortified settlement with a dolmen necropolis; 15 caves and shelters with cave paintings and engravings; a flint quarry; a Roman villa; a walled Islamic village; a watchtower; a 14th century castle; a medieval Christian village; an 18th century memorial; and a colonization village from the early 19th century.


 * Remains of a medieval village and chapel next to the castle of Otíñar.


 * Remains of a dolmen.
 * Site with archaeological remains of ceramic and constructive type, there are also hydraulic remains.

=== ===

Route: ,, , , , , (scenic road), , ( - 1,43 h.)

Aldeaquemada stands on the eastern edge of the Palaeozoic rocks of the Morena Mountains Centro Ibérica area, in a slightly deformed, smoothly eroded peneplain where, in contrast to the slopes and peaks in the area, the soil is deep enough to be used for pasture. There are even some patches of olive trees and market gardens around the village.

The Aldeaquemada landscape originated from the settlement of the unpopulated lands near Colada de Santa Cruz, which connects Castile to Andalusia. When new towns and villages were built there, these lands were radically transformed, especially the basin of the streams that flow into the Guarrizas River, where the forests were turned into fields for agriculture. This landscape is in an optimal state of conservation thanks to its territorial isolation. Despite the risk of depopulation and abandonment of agriculture, this has enabled the village to survive with little pressure from construction. The houses in the village fairly faithfully retain the scales, types and key elements of the original town building project, as seen in the style of the church and the town hall.The village is surrounded by a very well-defined rural area which can almost be seen in its entirety from the higher part of the village, near the centre; the outlines of the parcels of land in this agricultural area, which date from the times of Charles III, remain almost intact, making it a very educational example of the Enlightenment project with the most formal aspects -urbanism, architecture and rural cadastre- surviving up to the present day.

It is a shelter that houses a site of cave paintings. Two figures are preserved along with stains and remains of paint.

Shelter that houses a light red ramiform. Being on a white background quartzite is very visible. It is included in the World Patrimony of the Unesco.

It is a temple of the second half of the XVIII century. It has a single nave covered by a half barrel vault with lunettes. The chevet is flat and is covered with a vault vault. In the center of the nave there are two niches with Doric columns on pedestal topped by a pediment. The exterior is made of brick with a semicircular arched entrance, two oculi at the top topped by a belfry.

In the area there are also important archaeological sites that cannot be visited, such as:


 * Shelter with a group of cave paintings formed by goats, cervids, zoomorphic figures, semicircular signs with "U" shape, ramiformes, etc. It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage.
 * Cave with a group of cave paintings. On the right side there are two anthropomorphic figures and two halteriformes in red color; on the left side there are two schematic zoomorphic figures in red color, a branch-shaped one in light red color and two halteriformes in red carmine color. It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage.
 * Shelter in which there are 6 anthropomorphic figures painted in dark red. It is included in the World Patrimony of the Unesco.
 * This pictorial group is composed of poly-lobed figures, others in zig-zag, bilobulated-halteriform, bars, points, bitriangular, anthropomorphic, others in the shape of "T", ramiform, type "swallow", etc. It is included in the World Patrimony of the Unesco.
 * Shelter with three groups of paintings formed by anthropomorphic "ancoriform" figures, of the "pi" type and figures in the shape of inverted "W" and "V", as well as various lines and circles.

=== ===

Route: , (scenic road), ,, , ( - 2,10 h.)The Morena range to the north of the town of Andújar presents a mountain landscape that extends as far as La Cabeza mount, which is home to the shrine where the pilgrimage ends. This mount stands at the southern head of a high plateau with hills and mountains, although this mount stands out for its height and its special terrain as it stands alongside the Jándula valley, which is over 200 m below the peaks that enclose the valley to the north. Jándula marks a deep division in the landscape as, once past the valley in the direction of Andújar, the terrain becomes more rugged, the river valleys more enclosed and deeper, and the pinewood cover gives way of holm oak woods. There are variants of mountain vegetation: treeless and shrub-covered, and pasture, depending on the topography and the use.

The pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady of La Cabeza combines a long historical tradition -its origin can possibly be traced back to the 12th century- with a major cultural, religious and social identity significance for a large number of villages, some of which are even located outside the area. This has given rise to a very special pilgrimage that combines the natural values of a forested and shrubland mountain environment with symbolic aspects such as isolation, remoteness from habitation, the effort of the pilgrims, etc. that have triggered the symbolic appropriation of a territory where other activities have been undertaken throughout history. In this process, the original geographical space is turned into a landscape marked by a collective ritual that humanises it and turns it into heritage in the purest meaning of inheritance or legacy handed down from one generation to the next.

The following locations stand out in the area:

Construction began in 1534 and ended in 1607 with the placement of the balcony of the main facade. In its construction participates Andrés de Vandelvira. Of its main facade, the central body is marked by the line of the front, balcony and belfry of two bodies, three openings for bells and pediment. The church has a single nave covered with a half-barrel vault reinforced with arches that rest on a continuous structure of ashlars in which small chapels open.

Houses whose function is to accommodate the brothers of the affiliated brotherhoods. These houses are distributed large meeting spaces, such as dining room and living room, as well as bedrooms with many beds depending on the number of brothers that hosts each house. On the outside they have a large number of openings, whether doors or windows, as well as balconies to observe the passage of the Virgin.

Alternative route to the Camino Viejo, enabled for wagons that make the pilgrimage. It shares some sections with the Camino Viejo.

It is the path taken by the horses from their meeting place, passing through different parts of the village until it joins the path of the Virgin.

On the Friday prior to the celebration at the sanctuary, the parent brotherhood receives the affiliated brotherhoods and carries out a procession that ends at the Town Hall of Andújar where a reception ceremony is held.

Local intangible cultural property is also considered in the landscape:


 * Declared of National Tourist Interest since 1980, it is one of the oldest in the country. It includes a series of events and celebrations. The first is the reception of civil and religious authorities of the sister brotherhoods, with its presentation and massive offering of flowers. The last Saturday of April is the pilgrimage, which is made on horseback, on foot, by carriage or vehicle, where stops are made for lunch and to dedicate songs, dances and salves. On Sunday the virgin is carried in a procession on shoulders where the religious and joyful demonstrations are repeated.

In the area there are also important archaeological sites that cannot be visited, such as:


 * Site with remains of constructions, Copper Age ceramics and flint elements.

=== ===

Route: , (scenic road), ,, , , , , , ( - 1,14 h.)There is only slightly over between Linares and the Ibero-Roman town of Cástulo. Linares is a benchmark for industry in the Andalusia of today, while the Cástulo Archaeological Site is one of the foremost archaeological areas in the region. The two share the same environment: the countryside around the Guadalimar River, at the foot of the Morena Mountains. Something else that they have in common is that they are both places where the metal extracted from the ground has been processed, transformed and prepared for shipment.

The landscape’s character is marked by mining and metallurgy, which have been done since Roman times. Some remains of mines, of extraction and slag heaps still survive, as does the town of Cástulo, built around the 6th century BCE on the Muela mountain, beside the Guadalimar River, in a strategic position for monitoring the transport of the metals. Several sectors of wall and some defensive towers can be made out. Their pre-Roman origin is evident both from the construction technique used for some tracts and from the Iberian Age burial mounds, which are dotted around the mountain.

Numerous 19th and 20th century mines remain around Linares, built when mining was expanding. However, mining is no longer at the forefront of the active formation of the landscape and has become a bystander to its evolution; an evolution based on agriculture and timber extraction that has created an agro-forestry landscape interspersed with vestiges of mining set down among the unhurried to-and-fro of olive growing and forestry farming.

The following locations stand out in the area:

Archaeological site located on a plateau that occupies more than 3000 hectares. There are many remains of the Iberian-Roman city that occupied the site: necropolis, factories, public buildings and all kinds of infrastructure of the ancient city. Among the most outstanding remains are a Roman mosaic, a high relief of a lion and an early Christian paten.

Tower built in mud mortar in the twelfth century, square, four stories high and on each side. Next to it, another smaller tower was built next to the cisterns. Later, in the 13th century, more towers and a wall were built to form a castle that disappeared in the 14th century.

Mining complex formed by five differentiated elements: Area A dedicated to the metallurgical process once the ore was extracted; Area B where the ore was extracted from the San Federico and Santa Annie shafts; Area C of the Lord Salisbury Concession whose pumping house allowed the operation of the machines of the Lord Derby Concession shafts; Areas D.1 and D.2 which include part of the old road between Areas A and B, as well as sections that have been incorporated into each of these two areas to preserve continuity; and Area E where the loading dock of the ore was located. and D.2, which include part of the old road between areas A and B, as well as sections that have been incorporated into each of these two areas to preserve continuity; and area E, where the ore loading dock for the ore that arrived by rail was located.

Comprising the following elements: the Palmerston Complex, the La Tortilla settlement, the La Tortilla wash house, the La Tortilla chimneys, the Altos Hornos and sack sheds, the slag heaps and the La Tortilla smelter itself.

Built in 1757, it consists of two trapezoidal volumes linked by a courtyard. The building has two facades: one facing the Town Hall Square and the other facing the Avenida de Andalucía. The first façade, built in stone, has ashlars with cushioned ashlars and a rich ornamental decoration. The second is similar, although there are differences in the number of openings.

House of the XVIII century that presents a structure with rustic touches although disguised by its distribution around a patio, today disappeared. It has two facades in which the balconies stand out; being the one of the main facade the most showy, having an iron parapet where it rests on 5 stone corbels. The hollows that present the facades are covered by wrought ironwork in the eighteenth century presenting decorations.

Factory built in 1830, first dedicated to the treatment of copper and later lead ores. It conserves the tower of the pellets and annexed buildings, warehouses of the electromechanical workshops, workshops, offices, changing rooms and canteen. It preserves the chimneys, one of them reaching, leaving of it, in addition to the slag heaps resulting from the activity.

Remains of the building that housed the flotation washer machinery and a tailing dam. Here the minerals coming from the Adaro Company were processed.

Ore processing complex and the fumes from combustion were discharged; hoppers, remains of rails, ponds, walkways and a complex network of pipes for smoke evacuation have been preserved.

Complex where the ore was transformed and the fumes from combustion were discharged; hoppers, remains of rails, ponds, walkways and a complex network of pipes for smoke evacuation are preserved.

Set of chimneys and auxiliary constructions.

The office building is preserved, with its characteristic entrance gate and an elevated water tank to the east. The office building is characterized by stone ashlars in the plinth and corners as well as by the recesses with red chlorine brick and the finishing of the building with plaster moldings that change from zippered to smooth.

This well began to be exploited in 1890, reaching a depth of. It had a house with machinery to pump the mine water. From the facilities there is a perfect view of the vein.

Stay safe
The itinerary passes through safe, low-crime areas. The usual security measures should be taken, such as keeping the car locked or having backpacks or other objects in sight. As in most of the rest of Spain, the rural police force is the Guardia Civil. Larger municipalities may have their own local police officers.

In many places along the route there are no shaded areas, so it is advisable to bring sunscreen and a hat or cap during the hottest periods of the year. Access to many places may not be accessible or even require hiking shoes and clothing or similar.



Stay healthy
The route nearest hospitals areː



Go next
Other destinations within the province of Jaén:


 * Capital of the homonymous province.
 * World Heritage City for its Renaissance ensemble.