Thunder Bay

Thunder Bay lies at the far northwestern point of the Great Lakes of North America. It is a transportation bridge between the rich agricultural Prairies of Canada and the rest of the world, via the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway which connects it to the Atlantic Ocean. In 2021, it had a population of approximately 109,000.

Understand
European settlement in the region began in the late 17th century with a French fur trading outpost on the banks of the Kaministiquia River. It grew into an important transportation hub as its port was an important link in the shipping of grain and other products from western Canada, through the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the east coast. Forestry and manufacturing played important roles in the city's economy. They have declined and been replaced by a "knowledge economy" based on medical research and education. Thunder Bay is the site of the Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute.

The city takes its name from the immense Thunder Bay at the head of Lake Superior, known on 18th-century French maps as Baie du Tonnerre (Bay of Thunder). The city is often referred to as the "Lakehead", or "Canadian Lakehead", because of its location at the end of Great Lakes navigation on the Canadian side of the border.

Thunder Bay developed until 1970 as two rival towns: Fort William and Port Arthur a few kilometres apart. Today the town names are used for districts.

Climate
The Thunder Bay area experiences a humid continental climate that is influenced by Lake Superior, with especially noticeable effects in the city's north end. This results in cooler summer temperatures and warmer winter temperatures for an area extending inland as far as 16 km. The average daily temperatures range from 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) in July to −14.3 °C (6.3 °F) in January. The average daily high in July is 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) and the average daily high in January is −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).

Thunder Bay holds Ontario's record for coldest day with wind chill, 10 January 1982, when the local temperature dropped to −36.3 °C (−33.3 °F), with a wind speed of 54 km (34 mi) per hour for a wind chill temperature that dipped to −58 °C (−72.4 °F).

The city is quite sunny, with an average of 2121 hours of bright sunshine each year, ranging from 268.1 hours in July to 86.2 hours in November, sunnier than any city in Canada located to the east of it. Winters are comparatively dry with the snowfall being very limited and temperatures much colder than in Houghton, Michigan on the U.S. side of the lake, where the climate is marked by heavy lake-effect snow.

Destinations
Has scheduled service to Thunder Bay from Montreal, Ottawa, Sault Sainte Marie (1.25 hours), Sioux Lookout (45 minutes), Toronto (2 hours), and Winnipeg (1.25-1.5 hours).

Flights to Thunder Bay from various small communities in northern Ontario. Seasonal service to Thunder Bay from Calgary and a few Mexican and Caribbean destinations. The airport doesn't have any direct flights to the United States of America.

Ground transportation

 * One local transit bus passes every 30-40 minutes daily.
 * Taxi to downtown costs about $30.
 * The Airlane Travelodge and Valhalla Inn operate hotel shuttle buses.

By train
Thunder Bay is not served by passenger rail. The nearest passenger route is VIA Rail's The Canadian, which serves the towns of Longlac (310 km northeast) and Sioux Lookout (391 km northwest), as well as the tiny village of Armstrong (256 km north). As well, White River (385 km east) is the western terminus of VIA Rail's Sudbury—White River train.

By car
Thunder Bay is served by Highways 11 and 17, which are both part of the Trans-Canada Highway. West of the city, the highways are separate, but north of the city, the highways merge into one until they split up east of Nipigon. From the east, it is a 7-8 hour (700 km) drive from Sault Ste Marie and from the west, it is a 7-8 hour (720 km) drive from Winnipeg.

Do not expect to hitchhike in from Winnipeg; drivers in the area are notorious for drivers not stopping to pick up anyone while on those main highways.

There is no easy way to Duluth, across the US border, other than driving there.

By bus

 * Operates the following routes to Thunder Bay:
 * Between Thunder Bay and Longlac including stops in Nipigon and Geraldton. Travel Time to Thunder Bay from Longlac is 4.25 hours, from Geraldton is 3.5 hours, and from Nipigon is 1.25 hours.
 * Between Thunder Bay and Sioux Lookout (5 hours). In Sioux Lookout, there is a timed connection available most days to and from Winnipeg.
 * Between Thunder Bay and White River including stops in Nipigon, Schreiber, Terrace Bay, and Marathon. Travel time to Thunder Bay from Nipigon is 1.25 hours, and from Marathon is 4 hours, and from White River is 5.25 hours.
 * Bus routes operating to Thunder Bay:
 * Between Winnipeg and Thunder Bay along two routes:
 * Via Kenora and Dryden. Travel time the Thunder Bay from Winnipeg is 8.75 hours, from Kenora is 5.75 hours, and from Dryden is 4.25 hours.
 * Via Kenora and Fort Frances. Travel time the Thunder Bay from Winnipeg is 9.75 hours, from Kenora is 6.75 hours, and from Fort Frances is 4 hours.
 * Between Thunder Bay and Sault Sainte Marie including stops in Red Rock, Nipigon, Schreiber, Terrace Bay, Marathon, White River, and Wawa. Travel time to Thunder Bay from Nipigon is 2 hours, From Marathon is 4.5 hours, from White River is 5.75 hours, from Wawa is 7.25 hours, and from Sault Sainte Marie is 10 hours. Through connecting transfers in Sault Sainte Marie and Sudbury, it is possible to reach Toronto and Ottawa.
 * Between Thunder Bay and Sault Sainte Marie including stops in Red Rock, Nipigon, Schreiber, Terrace Bay, Marathon, White River, and Wawa. Travel time to Thunder Bay from Nipigon is 2 hours, From Marathon is 4.5 hours, from White River is 5.75 hours, from Wawa is 7.25 hours, and from Sault Sainte Marie is 10 hours. Through connecting transfers in Sault Sainte Marie and Sudbury, it is possible to reach Toronto and Ottawa.

Get around
Thunder Bay isn't known for being a walkable city. This is largely due to its Twin-Cities heritage which causes the city to be very spread out. Until 1970, the city was two separate large communities (Fort William and Port Arthur) separated by a swamp that has since been built up into an area of suburban big-box stores, shopping malls and chain restaurants known as "Intercity". City council seems to be developing the north end (Port Arthur) into an entertainment district with the Marina Park as its centrepiece, and the south end (Fort William) into a business district. Within each of these districts (North end and South end downtown cores) walking is certainly viable in the non-winter months. During most of winter months, you should bundle up.

By bicycle
The city is expanding its network of bicycle paths. Transport by inline skates can work well on these paths, but sidewalks are often too mottled to afford any speed or efficiency on skates.

Do



 * The area has a large Finnish population, so saunas are common and popular.
 * Take a walk around the harbour in the north end.
 * Visit the amethyst or agate mines.
 * Take a walk around the harbour in the north end.
 * Visit the amethyst or agate mines.
 * Drive west of Thunder Bay to Quetico Provincial Park: some of the best canoeing in the world awaits!
 * You can also canoe on White Otter Lake, near Quetico and Atikokan. Visit White Otter Castle, a three-storey wooden cabin single-handedly built by Jimmy McQuat on the shores of the lake. Legend is that Jimmy built it for his sweetheart and then got jilted. There is a walking trail from the castle area that leads to an abandoned World War II prisoner-of-war camp, but this has not been restored for tourists. Be careful of rusted metal and sharp edges in the camp.
 * Drive west of Thunder Bay to Quetico Provincial Park: some of the best canoeing in the world awaits!
 * You can also canoe on White Otter Lake, near Quetico and Atikokan. Visit White Otter Castle, a three-storey wooden cabin single-handedly built by Jimmy McQuat on the shores of the lake. Legend is that Jimmy built it for his sweetheart and then got jilted. There is a walking trail from the castle area that leads to an abandoned World War II prisoner-of-war camp, but this has not been restored for tourists. Be careful of rusted metal and sharp edges in the camp.

Consulates

 * 🇫🇮 Finland

Go next
Isle Royale, a wilderness park, lies within sight in Lake Superior. Commercial ferries from Grand Portage, Minnesota provide the nearest official access to the island, but it's accessible from Thunder Bay by private boat.