Southwest (United States of America)

The American Southwest contains more than its fair share of natural wonders: Grand Canyon, Arches National Park, and Carlsbad Caverns National Park are only three of the most famous natural attractions that draw people from all over the world. The region is home to a wonderful and vibrant mix of Anglo, Latino, Hispanic, and American Indian traditions making it one of the more diverse and interesting corners of America with regards to history, landscape and culture.

States
The Navajo Nation is a reservation that overlaps areas of three of these states.

Note: Parts of California, Colorado, and Texas are usually considered to be part of the "Southwest", but they appear in other travel guides.

Cities

 * – the largest city, transportation hub, and economic center of New Mexico.
 * – home to New Mexico State University and close to the Mexican border.
 * – "Sin City", the lavish, indulgent destination for all manner of extravagant entertainment, including gambling and other vices.
 * – the capital of Arizona, a huge city in the desert.
 * – Las Vegas' lesser-known cousin is the "Biggest Little City in the World", with plenty of gambling, resorts, and other entertainment.
 * – the capital of Utah and of the Mormon Church, host of the 2002 Winter Olympics, and a starting point for Utah's breathtaking outdoor attractions.
 * – the capital of New Mexico with history, architecture, and a thriving art scene.
 * – Arizona's second city, a blend of cultures in the midst of scenic desert landscapes.

Other destinations






Landscape
Contrary to the Southwest's image as a sprawling desert, it is one of the most geographically diverse regions in the United States. Beginning at the high elevations of the Wasatch and Rocky Mountains the landscape descends into dramatic bluffs and mesas before emptying out on the flatlands of the Rio Grande. The dry climate and dramatic red rock landscapes help tie the region together despite the dramatic differences in elevation.

History
Human settlement in the Southwest dates back over 12,000 years, and is preserved today by the rock art, cliff dwellings, and other archaeological remains found throughout the region. The Pueblo (sometimes known as the Anasazi) people inhabited the area for well over one thousand years, but disappeared during the 12th or 13th century AD. The Athabascan people (Navajo and Apache) began arriving as early as 1000 AD and remain the largest indigenous group in the area to this day. In the 1500s Spanish explorers arrived and remained a dominant military force for nearly three hundred years. The area became part of Mexico in 1821 after Mexico won its independence from Spain. By the mid-1800s the expanding United States established a presence, and in 1848, after a war with Mexico, much of the area became United States territory. The colonization was commemorated in the legends of the Old West.

In the post-war years, the Southwest has seen become part of the prosperous Sun Belt, with newcomers both from north and south, for gambling, mining, technology industry, and retirement.



Climate
The region experiences the full range of climate extremes from 100-125°F (38-52°C) in the summer down to sub-zero in the northernmost regions in the winter. The dry, cold conditions in the northern mountainous regions make for excellent skiing, while the desert heat is perfect for those looking to escape winter's bite.

Talk
Although English is the predominant language spoken throughout the Southwest, Spanish is also common among Hispanic populations throughout the region. Most of this region was once under the rule of Spain and Mexico, and also has large immigrant populations from Mexico and Latin America. Numerous indigenous tribes throughout the region speak a myriad of languages; however, this is a trait most particularly observed within reservation boundaries. Linguistic diversity is more prevalent in larger metropolitan areas. The larger national parks and museums in the region provide signage and reading materials in other common languages such as German, French and Japanese.

By plane
The region's primary airports are in:
 * Albuquerque -- hub for Southwest Airlines, served by most majors, nominally an "international airport" but no nonstop international flights.
 * El Paso ( -- Although not part of the "southwest" in context of this article it serves as the nearest airport to Las Cruces, Silver City, Almagordo, Carlsbad Cavarens NP, and other parts of southern New Mexico.
 * Las Vegas -- another hub for Southwest Airlines and Spirit Airlines, some international services (on other airlines). It is also the nearest major airport to Grand Canyon, Lake Havasu, and other points in southern Utah and Northern Arizona.
 * Phoenix -- home base and largest hub for Southwest Airlines, as well as a major hub for American Airlines; a major airport with service to a number of international destinations; Tucson also has limited international service.
 * Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport -- serves as the secondary airport in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, it serves as a southwestern base for Allegiant Airlines form multiple locations in the U.S. and by Sun Country from Minneapolis-St Paul. Plans are underway to expand the airport facilities in Mesa.


 * Reno -- nearest airport for Reno, Carson City and Lake Tahoe from all parts of the U.S. with major U.S. airlines. The only international connection is to Guadalajara, Mexico with Volaris.
 * Salt Lake City -- major hub for Delta Air Lines with service to many domestic and international destinations.
 * Tucson -- major airport for southern Arizona with flights from much of the U.S. with Alaska Airlines, American/American Eagle, Delta, Southwest, Sun Country and United. American Eagle operates the Phoenix and Tucson flights.

By car
Entry from Mexico is surprisingly limited given the length of the region's Mexican border. New Mexico has border crossings at Santa Theresa, Columbus and Antelope Wells, of which the small town of Columbus is the only 24-hour port of entry; most traffic entering New Mexico from Mexico arrives via the 4 border crossings at El Paso, Texas, just outside the state. Arizona has border crossings at Douglas, Nogales and (outside) Yuma, with a few others that may or may not be open at any given time.

Major highways entering the region from other parts of the United States all have their western entries to the region from California (note that produce brought into California from Arizona is subject to inspection). East- and north-side entry points are:


 * I-10.svg Interstate 10: from Texas at Las Cruces, New Mexico, and from California at Blythe.
 * I-15.svg Interstate 15: from Idaho near Salt Lake City and from California south of Las Vegas.
 * I-25.svg Interstate 25: from Colorado near Raton, New Mexico. Interstate 25 terminates at it junction with Interstate 10 in Las Cruces.
 * I-40.svg Interstate 40: from Texas in empty country in eastern New Mexico, and from California at Needles.
 * I-70.svg Interstate 70: from Colorado in eastern Utah.
 * I-80.svg Interstate 80: from Wyoming near Salt Lake City.

I-17, I-25 (north end), I-40, I-70 (east end) and I-80 (east end) are all subject to occasional delays or closures in the winter owing to snowfall, as they go over mountainous country en route to (and within) the Southwest.

By train
Amtrak has three routes running through the Southwest, all of which run east-west connecting California to cities in the east. The California Zephyr cuts across Utah and Nevada, running roughly parallel to I-70 and I-80, stopping in Salt Lake City and Reno. The Southwest Chief runs through New Mexico and Arizona, parallel to I-40 west of Albuquerque with stops near Santa Fe and in Albuquerque and Flagstaff. Finally, the Sunset Limited zips through the small southwestern corner of New Mexico and across southern Arizona, with a stop in Tucson.

Get around
The southwestern United States was the first region extensively served by Southwest Airlines, which began as a Texas-only low-cost (and low-frills) carrier before expanding first into the Southwest and now into most of the U.S. Southwest is notable for its widely distributed network of minor hubs in contrast to the hub-and-spokes approach used by most airlines in the United States. Not only as a result of Southwest's approach, but also because its competitors in the region have adopted its ways to some extent, the major cities of the region tend to be connected very well by air, and fares are relatively low. Intra-regional air service to the lesser cities can be much more expensive, due in part to the fact that Southwest has no agreements with commuter airlines that service the smaller airports.

The imposing obstacle of the Grand Canyon limits road and rail traffic within the region. South of the Grand Canyon, Interstate highways 10 and 40 connect New Mexico and Arizona cities reasonably conveniently. I-40 basically follows the route of historic Route 66 in the region. I-80 serves a similar function for Nevada and Utah.

However, getting from north to south or vice versa by road is a more challenging proposition. No railroads make this connection, and the few highways that connect Arizona to Utah or eastern Nevada are minor, generally two-lane, lightly traveled, and frequently far from traveler services. If you're driving north-south from Arizona, pay careful attention to your fuel level, and make sure your vehicle is in good mechanical condition. I-15 runs southwest to northeast from Barstow, California through Las Vegas, Nevada and Salt Lake City across Utah. I-17 runs in Arizona between Phoenix and Flagstaff. I-19 connects Nogales and Tucson. New Mexico is bisected north-south by I-25, which runs from I-10 in Las Cruces though Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Denver into Wyoming.

Outside the major cities you will most likely have to rely on a car, but despite the reputation of the Southwest in general as a very car centric region, Salt Lake City actually has decent (by US standards) public transit. Other southwestern cities however, do live up to that reputation and touring this part of the United States without a car can be a challenge bordering on the impossible.

See
The Southwest is best known for its stunning scenery. The terrain is incredibly varied. You might find yourself driving through a desert landscape of red rock, and within a few hours you'll wind up climbing into the mountains. Some of the most striking sights are National Parks, protected from development and offering easy access to some of the most stunning attractions - parks like Carlsbad Caverns N.P., Grand Canyon N.P., Bryce Canyon N.P., and Zion N.P.

While known for its incredible natural beauty, the Southwest also has many historical sites. Throughout Arizona and New Mexico are reminders of the Native American culture, from the ruins of great pueblos in Canyon de Chelly in northeastern Arizona, Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico, and Mesa Verde in nearby Southwestern Colorado, to the thriving culture in communities still inhabited, like Taos Pueblo in Taos, New Mexico. The Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico from Albuquerque to Taos was the site of some of the first permanent European settlements in the country, and many towns in the area hold on to their Spanish roots, with the town plan of a central plaza and an adobe church overlooking it, surrounded by small adobe homes. On the other hand, in Utah (particularly all of Northern and Central Utah and the Dixie region) most of the historical sites are based around the Mormon Pioneers who transformed what many considered to be an uninhabitable wasteland into a thriving oasis of farmland and neatly planned cities and towns.

Winter sports
Considering the vast deserts and red rock landscapes that the Southwest is so well known for, it may seem hard to believe that this region offers some of the best skiing in the country, gifted by the varied terrain and exquisite powder. Salt Lake City, site of the 2002 Winter Olympics, is about 60 miles from nearly a dozen ski and snowboarding resorts in the Wasatch Range just to the east. Utah also has a couple of smaller but far less crowded resorts, and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of North Central New Mexico offer a handful of resorts, notably Taos Ski Valley near Taos.

There are also many opportunities for cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, and snowshoeing in most of the forests of the region, scattered throughout Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Water sports
While you won't find any good places to surf or sail, the Colorado River and its two man-made reservoirs, Lake Powell and Lake Mead, offer a chance for boating, kayaking, and white-water rafting through the canyons and expanses of red rock. Other rivers in the region give further opportunities for rafting, like the Rio Grande near Taos.

Bicycling
Cycling is hugely popular in the Southwest, from touring and road cycling to mountain biking, from high mountain valleys to rugged red rock landscapes. You can find a decent bike shop in just about every decent-sized town. Just keep in mind that nearly all National Parks have strict restrictions on just where you can bike, and some National Forests have their own rules as well.

Hiking and backpacking
The majority of the Southwest is public land, and just about anywhere you go you'll find a trail. All of the National Parks offer a range of trails, from easy, paved walks to strenuous hikes. Most of the trails in the National Forests are well-marked and traverse long distances, great for overnight backpacking. Bureau of Land Management property is a bit hazier - if there isn't a well-marked trail, be cautious as you could wind up entering private land. Be sure to prepare for any hike: pack lots of water, apply sunscreen, and watch for rapidly changing conditions.

Hunting and fishing
With the exception of salt-water fishing, this region offers just about every kind of recreational fishing there is, from renting a boat and casting in the middle of a lake to fly-fishing in mountain streams. The region also offers excellent hunting opportunities for both large and small game. Be sure to check the local laws and regulations before you do anything, though.

Camping
The Southwest offers thousands of camping opportunities which can be enjoyed year round. Choose your destination wisely. Camping in the summer months will be too hot in the desert, however the mountains will offer cool camping possibilities. In the late fall through early spring is the time to visit the deserts. The spring can be especially rewarding with the wildflowers.

Eat
For the most part you can find a diner or a place selling "American Food" in any town, and in most places you should be able to find a fast food chain, be it a regional or national one. In the larger cities cuisine options tend to open up, and in the largest cities you can find just about any form of cuisine you may be looking for.

New Mexico has a distinctive cuisine of its own, characterized by chile (chile, not chili) peppers, pork, beans, blue corn, and other common ingredients. Any town anywhere in New Mexico will have a diner selling both American and New Mexican food, and specific recipes may vary. Wherever you go, you will probably be asked the question "Red or Green?". What this means is what kind of chile you want on your dish, red chile (which tends to be the hottest) or green chile.

The Native Americans in the area also have a cuisine of their own, and you may find local restaurants specializing in frybread, Navajo tacos, cornbread, or posole.

Drink
Be warned that alcoholic beverages are forbidden in the Navajo Nation and in many other American Indian pueblos and reservations. Note that many Mormon-owned restaurants do not serve coffee, tea, or alcohol. There are many other drinks to have there.

Driving
Common sense should be applied to any problems you may face. The desert is beautiful, but it does not suffer fools kindly. Cell phone coverage is extremely spotty outside of urban areas, and while it's usually possible to use a cell phone from the interstate highways, this is nowhere close to universally true. Also, many areas of the Southwest can be as much as two hundred miles from the nearest tow truck, so be prepared. Have a spare, a jack, and a lug wrench, not to mention a full gas tank, blankets and extra water for use in an emergency. Winter nights can be bitterly cold in the desert, especially at higher altitudes, even at times when the daytime temperatures are quite hot.

Dust storms
Some areas experience dust-storms where visibility is almost nil. While usually brief, dust storms need to be taken seriously as they can quickly decrease visibility. Similar as with blizzard "whiteout conditions", multiple-car collisions are unfortunately a rather common occurrence in dust storm "brownout conditions" in the southwest, as drivers underestimate or disregard their reduced visibility.

If you see a dust storm while driving:
 * Turn on your headlights and slow to an appropriate speed.
 * If you can safely avoid it, do not enter the dust storm.
 * If you need to pull off the road, get as far to the right as possible, going even beyond the shoulder into the ditch if possible.
 * Turn off the car, headlights and parking lights, set the parking brake, and keep your foot off the brake pedal - go dark, otherwise other drivers may think you're a car in motion and likely rear-end you.

Rain and flash floods
During summer, typically central Arizona and New Mexico do experience heavy rainstorms, called monsoons. While these may be brief in any given area, the heavy rain can cause flooding in low-lying areas. If you find yourself driving during one of these storms:


 * Slow down: road surfaces are slick from the water, but also the oils especially if it's the first rain of the season.
 * If you need to pull off the road, get as far to the right as possible. Turn off the car, headlights and parking lights, set the parking brake, and keep your foot off the brake pedal - go dark, otherwise other drivers may think you're a car in motion.
 * Pay attention to hazard signs and roadblocks. If you see a sign that says "Do Not Cross When Flooded", take it seriously and find another way. In some states and municipalities, any motorist who drives around barricades into a flooded stretch of roadway may be charged for the cost of his or her rescue. In Arizona this is commonly known as the "Stupid Motorist Law".
 * Don't cross rain-swollen washes. You could get caught in a flash flood, and you don't know what's under the water. That guy out there who seems to be only ankle-deep in water may be standing on the roof of his pickup truck.
 * Most of these summer monsoon rainstorms are accompanied by lightning; some bring hail. Take proper precautions.

Hiking
If you choose to enter the desert to go hiking or sight-seeing, wear comfortable shoes with a tread and bring water. Natives to the area are disdainful of those who are lost or injured while hiking or exploring. Many desert and mountain areas do not have cell phone reception; it is vital to bring maps and tell someone where you will be going and when you expect to return. Hiking during the day is often a poor choice, due to the intense heat, it's better to start around dawn when it is cool.

Also, it is best to hike during the earlier part of the day, as thunderstorms tend to develop suddenly during the afternoon. Don't enter narrow canyons or dry river beds if rain or storms are in the forecast. In the event you encounter inclement weather conditions, seek high ground immediately! When it does rain in the desert, it can be quite heavy and come real fast. Thunderstorms can cause flash flooding in canyons and other low laying areas, even if it is not raining in the immediate vicinity.

Heat and summer weather
It is not uncommon for people to become very ill in the intense heat, or even die. It is vital to constantly drink water in the summer. If you're feeling thirsty, you're already behind on your water intake. Restaurants will give small cups of cold tap water for free (in moderation) and most establishments will be sympathetic and give cups for water, even if they do not sell it. Some restaurants will want to sell you bottled water, but you can ask for a glass of tap water.

Sunburn is a serious risk, even for people who are very dark. If you are not familiar with incredibly hot, dry, desert climates, it is vital to apply sunscreen every 45 minutes. Sunburns can range from uncomfortable to serious damage requiring medical attention. Burns also mark you as a tourist or non-native to the area.

Despite the intense heat, it is good to wear very thin layers of clothing that cover as much skin as possible: long sleeves and long pants such as of breathable, quick-dry fabrics. Sunglasses and hats with a wide brim and neck shade are also recommended. Americans in the Southwest value air conditioning; some stores, restaurants, and movie theatres will be cooled to temperatures as low as 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Forest fires
Under no circumstances light fires except where specifically posted, even in forest areas that do not seem at first glance particularly dry. This includes campfires, fireworks, and cigarettes (unless you are in an established area). The southwest is vulnerable to massive fires sweeping across several states; these often start from a single match or small campfire. These large fires destroy homes, entire towns, wildlife, and huge swaths of forest. Anyone who starts fires, accidentally or on purpose, will get no sympathy and probably no mercy either.

Desert wildlife
Coyotes are a desert animal, similar in appearance to a small wolf or dog. They are extremely intelligent and have adapted to also live in urban areas where they eat garbage. They travel in packs and can interbreed with dogs. They are often considered pests or nuisances and can be seen at night. Do not approach or disturb them - they are wild animals. They rarely attack humans, preferring to run, but cornering one or approaching pups is a good way to get hurt.

There are poisonous animals in the desert. Rattlesnakes often live in cool ledges or hidey-holes outside away from people. Do not stick your hand in a place you cannot see (say, onto a ledge while rock climbing). They often "rattle" as a warning before they strike, a very loud sound similar to that of a baby rattle. If you hear a rattle stop what you are doing immediately. Their bite is both painful and venomous, it's imperative you immediately seek medical care. Rattler bites can be fatal.

Scorpions are small arachnids with a large tail that curls over their body into a stinger. Common in the Sonoran Desert, the bark scorpion is light brown. They range in size from the palm of your hand to the size of a paperclip (3 in, 8 cm). They also hide in cool places, such as linen closets and shoes. Their sting ranges from mildly irritating to extremely painful. Check your shoes before putting them on by turning them upside-down and banking them, like you're trying to get sand out of them. If you are stung, seek medical attention or call the national Poison Control hotline (+1 800-222-1222). A person should see a doctor if they have severe conditions, such as difficulty swallowing, or symtoms that worsen within 2-3 hours of the sting. It is very unlikely to be fatal.

Black widows are a form of spider common to this area. They are often shiny, black, with a large or swollen abdomen with a red hourglass figure on it. They build webs and hide in areas such as corners, under beds, and again, in shoes. Their bite is extremely painful and poisonous, unlikely to cause death but can cause damage.

Africanized bees are common in this area. Africanized bees are extremely territorial and aggressive, they build their hives in any undisturbed area - awnings of houses, old cars, trees, and so on. Do not harass these bees or approach a hive. They will swarm and give chase for up to a mile; diving under water does not dissuade them. An individual sting in unpleasant and painful, multiple stings can lead to death.

Fire ants are also found in the area, both urban and rural areas, including residential yards. Watch for anthills if you choose to sit on the ground or lay an object on the ground. They build hives underground with few signs on the surface. They are often a dull red color. Their sting is painful. If the hive is disturbed or threatened, they will attack en mass. Leave the area immediately and treat the stings with minimal medical care as soon as possible.