Presidents of the United States

There have been 45 individuals who have served as presidents of the United States between 1789 and today (including two non-consecutive terms for Grover Cleveland). This article discusses sights and destinations all over the world related to these presidents.

Understand
"The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows..."

- Article II of the Constitution of the United States

The president is the head of the Executive Branch of the U.S. government, responsible for enforcing federal laws that are on the books and has the power to sign or veto bills (prospective laws) passed by Congress. In addition, the president has the sole authority to appoint people to numerous federal government positions, including all ambassadors, judges and Cabinet members except the vice president. After the initial Founding Father generation died off, the presidency was often seen as a weak office with the notable exception of Andrew Jackson, who defied the will of the Supreme Court, and James K. Polk, who launched the Mexican-American War. But over time, beginning with the American Civil War, the role of the president has expanded tremendously, leading to talk of an "imperial presidency". However, even after 1865, many presidents exercised less authority than did Lincoln, with Theodore Roosevelt being the first to turn the presidency into the undoubtedly most powerful position in the country after that had become uncommon.

The powers that presidents of the late 20th and 21st century are most associated with are foreign policy, war and peace, and the "bully pulpit" of being able to have their public statements immediately receive TV and newspaper coverage. When the president announces a major speech or wishes to address the nation, TV stations will go so far as preempt regularly scheduled programming on short notice. This was not the way newspapers treated presidents in the 19th century. Since the emergence of the United States as the world's dominant power in the post-World War II period, the presidency has been widely regarded as the most powerful position in the world.

The president is elected through a unique electoral college system, meaning that winning the nationwide popular vote does not necessarily win one the election. In this system, each state, as well as the District of Columbia, is assigned a certain number of electoral votes based on its population, which are allocated to candidates based on the election results in that state. This means that it is possible for a candidate to win the election despite losing the nationwide popular vote, which has happened five or six times to date — to John Quincy Adams in 1824, Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, Benjamin Harrison in 1888, debatably John F. Kennedy in 1960, George W. Bush in 2000 and most recently, Donald Trump in 2016. As a result of this system, candidates tend to focus their campaign efforts on several key "battleground" states rather than the entire country. American election seasons also last longer than in almost any other democratic country, with campaigning often starting over a year before the actual presidential election day.

In modern times, the U.S. political landscape is dominated by two parties; the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, with the presidency having been held exclusively by these two parties since the American Civil War.

Every year, the president delivers a speech to a joint sitting of Congress in an event known as the State of the Union Address. The address was delivered in person during the early years of the Republic before Jefferson switched to mailing it in but has been held in person since Woodrow Wilson (who was a gifted orator) with the sole exception of Carter's lame duck State of the Union in 1981. This event is steeped in tradition with a lot of pomp and circumstance, and is one of the few times when all branches of the U.S. government gather in a single place. Although attendance is generally limited to special guests that have been invited by the President, it is broadcast live on television by all the major American news channels.

After leaving office, each president since Herbert Hoover has had a presidential library built to house important records and other historical documents from his administration. All of those libraries are funded and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), a federal government agency. These are accessible to the general public, and often feature museums showcasing the respective president's legacy. Some important presidents preceding Hoover also have presidential libraries, though these are funded and run by private foundations rather than the NARA.

Other titles
The First Lady of the United States is the informal title of the president's wife, or in a few cases some other female relative of the President. To date, all presidents have been male and all have had a First Lady except Martin Van Buren, a widower at the time of his inauguration, and James Buchanan, a lifelong bachelor. While the role carries no formal responsibilities, she is typically the hostess of the White House, and a ceremonial representative of the government, together with the President or in her own right. Some First Ladies have had political careers beyond the service for their husbands; Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife and widow of Franklin D. Roosevelt, had an important role in the early United Nations and their Declaration of Human Rights.

The Vice President (VP) is elected on the same ticket as the President. The Vice President replaces the President when he is unable to carry out his office, casts tie-breaking votes in the Senate when necessary, and presides over federal impeachment trials (except when the President himself is impeached, in which case the Chief Justice presides). Unlike most other countries, the death or resignation of the President does not trigger new elections and the Vice President thus serves out the original term of the President. Vacancies in the Vice Presidency were left unfilled until the 25th Amendment to the Constitution was adopted in 1967; this amendment provides that a new Vice President shall be nominated by the President and confirmed by both houses of Congress.

The Cabinet is made up of the Vice President and around twenty leaders of various government departments. With the exception of the Vice President, all Cabinet members are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, and may be dismissed by the President at any time.

List of presidents
Key: (D ) = Democratic Party; (D-R ) = Democratic-Republican Party; (R ) = Republican Party; (W ) = Whig Party; (F ) = Federalist Party; (U ) = unaffiliated

1. Washington
George Washington (U ), 1789–1797 — The only President to run without a party affiliation, also considered the father of the nation. Many monuments, schools, an entire U.S. state and the federal capital are named in his honor.

Several homes of Washington's direct ancestors and family members have been preserved:

During the Revolutionary War, General Washington used a number of houses and other buildings as military headquarters. Several are historical sites today.



Many innkeepers make the claim that "George Washington slept here". Some of the more verifiable claims include:

2. J. Adams
John Adams (F ), 1797–1801 — First Vice President and also one of the founders. Lost reelection in part due to the "three-fifths clause" of the Constitution that gave more electoral weight to the South (which supported Jefferson).

3. Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (D-R ), 1801–1809 — Principal author of the Declaration of Independence. As President, negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from France which doubled the land area of the U.S., then sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark west from St. Louis on a voyage to explore the new territory. Founded the University of Virginia after leaving office. His gravestone does not mention him being President.



4. Madison
James Madison (D-R ), 1809–1817 — Considered the "Father of the Bill of Rights". Led the U.S. through the War of 1812.



5. Monroe
James Monroe (D-R ), 1817–1825 — President during the post-War of 1812 "Era of Good Feelings", a brief period of remarkable political unity in which there was only one political party (Monroe ran for reelection unopposed, the only president ever to do so). Liberia's capital Monrovia is named after him, due to his support of the American Colonization Society's efforts to return former slaves to Africa. Asserted the Monroe Doctrine, intended to proscribe future European colonization of the Americas. Acquired Florida from Spain.



6. J.Q. Adams
John Quincy Adams (D-R ), 1825–1829 — Son of John Adams. Won election in a four-way race that had to be decided by the House of Representatives, after he had not come in first in either the electoral or popular vote. The first person to become president despite losing the nationwide popular vote. Became an opponent of slavery after leaving the White House.



7. Jackson
Andrew Jackson (D ), 1829–1837 — Before taking office, he won a significant battle over the British in New Orleans in 1815, at the end of the War of 1812. He was also involved in a bloody battle against Native Americans; there are several monuments commemorating his military record. While in office, Jackson ordered the forcible relocation of some Native American tribes to what is now Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears; thousands perished en route.



8. Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (D ), 1837–1841 — The only president to speak English as a second language (Dutch was his native language), Van Buren's New York roots are a legacy of the Netherlands in North America. He was also the first president to have been born a citizen of the United States, as all previous presidents had been British subjects at the time of birth.



9. W.H. Harrison
William Henry Harrison (W ), 1841 — First president to die in office, only a month after his inauguration. The first of an odd pattern of deaths in office at twenty-year intervals which continued through Lincoln (elected 1860) to Kennedy (elected 1960) and was claimed by some to be a native curse dating from Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.


 * Public monuments
 * statue at the base of the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in downtown Indianapolis
 * a bronze statue of Harrison on horseback Cincinnati's Piatt Park
 * the Tippecanoe County Courthouse in Lafayette, Indiana
 * a limestone-relief carving is part of a sculpture in front of the Harrison County visitors' center in Corydon, Indiana
 * the Ten O'Clock Line Monument in Owen County, Indiana

10. Tyler
John Tyler (U ), 1841–1845 — First vice-president to assume the presidency upon the death of his predecessor. Elected as a Whig, but expelled from the party soon after his inauguration after a clash with powerful senator Henry Clay and the resignation of nearly his entire Cabinet; unaffiliated with any party for most of his term. Approved the annexation of Texas only a few days before leaving office.



11. Polk
James K. Polk (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1845–1849 — Polk's single term was a time of rapid territorial expansion: the annexation of Texas was finalized, the Mexican-American War ended with the U.S. conquering the northern third of Mexico, i.e. California and much of the modern-day Southwest, and the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain added what's now the Pacific Northwest and Idaho.



12. Taylor
Zachary Taylor (<abbr title="Whig" style="color:#F0DC82;">W ), 1849–1850 — Second president to die in office. Sometimes speculated to have been poisoned by hardline pro-slavery people.



13. Fillmore
Millard Fillmore (<abbr title="Whig" style="color:#F0DC82;">W ), 1850–1853 — Signed the Compromise of 1850, which staved off civil war for awhile longer at the price of enraging both sides of the slavery dispute. As his Fugitive Slave Act allowed Southern slave catchers to forcibly abduct freedom seekers in Northern states, a clandestine Underground Railroad was assembled by anti-slavery Northerners and free blacks to spirit fugitives onward to freedom in Canada.



14. Pierce
Franklin Pierce (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1853–1857 — Presided over the "Gadsden Purchase" of what is now southern Arizona and New Mexico, the last major land acquisition in what is now the contiguous U.S. The land was supposed to be used for a southerly route of a transcontinental railroad, but that plan never materialized.



15. Buchanan
James Buchanan (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1857–1861 — Chosen largely because he had been abroad during the time the debate over slavery got heated. Did nothing during the secession crisis. Several members of his Cabinet became openly pro-secession during his lame duck period, with Buchanan doing nothing to stop it.



16. Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1861–1865 — His election led 11 Southern states to secede, causing the American Civil War. However, he led the remaining U.S. states, called the Union, to victory over the Southern states, and abolished slavery nationwide. Assassinated in 1865, the first of four U.S. presidents to suffer such a fate.



17. A. Johnson
Andrew Johnson (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1865–1869 — Elected to the Vice Presidency in the midst of the Civil War as a "war Democrat" on a "National Union" ticket with Lincoln; ascended to presidency after Lincoln's assassination and was later unsuccessfully impeached due to disputes with Republicans in Congress over the postwar "reconstruction" of the South. Signed the purchase of Alaska from Russia.



18. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1869–1877 — Union general who accepted the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox. Last president to try to advance African-American civil rights for several decades. Decisively smashed the first iteration of the Ku Klux Klan. Wrote a widely acclaimed and bestselling autobiography that deals with his pre-presidential life.



19. Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1877–1881 — called "Rutherfraud" due to the dubious nature of his election in which he lost the popular vote. Democrats accepted his election in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South — often considered the end of Reconstruction — which led to the disenfranchisement of African-Americans and many poor whites. Mediated in the aftermath of a war that pitted Paraguay against Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil; widely seen as a national hero in Paraguay due to this.



20. Garfield
James Garfield (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1881 — Assassinated after only a few months in office, apparently by somebody who felt snubbed for an appointment to federal office.



21. Arthur
Chester Arthur (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1881–1885 — Garfield's former vice-president, initially widely mistrusted as a protégé of corrupt New York State Republican boss Roscoe Conkling, unexpectedly embraced the cause of civil service reform, rooting out cronyism in political hiring. Signed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which prohibited all ethnic Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.



22+24. Cleveland
Grover Cleveland (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1885–1889 and 1893–1897 — The only president to serve two terms non-consecutively. Campaigned on a promise to clean up corruption and end the spoils system (as he had done as governor of New York). His second term was hampered by an economic depression and labor unrest, including the Pullman Strike of 1893 which he brutally suppressed. His non-interventionist foreign policy and support of Venezuela in its dispute with British Guiana helped improve U.S. relations with Latin America.



23. B. Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1889–1893 — Grandson of William Henry Harrison. Continued to clean up corruption, but sharply increased the tariffs that his predecessor had lowered. Passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first meaningful attempt by the government to curb the power of big business. Established the first National Forests. A vociferous supporter of civil rights who advocated in vain for the enforcement of voting rights for black Southerners and a bigger federal role in education.



25. McKinley
William McKinley (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1897–1901 — Presided over the brief Spanish-American War which ended with Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba becoming American colonies. The Philippines were also ceded by Spain but remained in rebellion against U.S. rule into the Roosevelt administration. Also responsible for the annexation of Hawaii. Assassinated.



26. T. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1901–1909 — Spanish-American War hero who rose from the New York governorship to the Vice-Presidency to the Presidency (after McKinley was assassinated) in only three years. A popular president famous as a progressive "trust buster" who opposed the corrupt practices of big business, and as a conservationist who championed the establishment of many national parks and other protected lands. The youngest person to ever assume the office.



27. Taft
William Howard Taft (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1909–1913 — Though initially popular, the policies of Roosevelt's heir apparent so disappointed Republican leaders as insufficiently progressive that they caused a split in the party, and he placed third in his reelection bid. Later became the only ex-president to be nominated to the Supreme Court, as Chief Justice.



28. Wilson
Woodrow Wilson (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1913–1921 — First Southern president elected since the Civil War. Won reelection by promising to keep the U.S. out of World War I; later reluctantly entered the war anyway and helped bring it to a speedy end. Was incapacitated for the final 17 months of his presidency by a series of strokes; many say his wife served as de facto Chief Executive during this time.



29. Harding
Warren G. Harding (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1921–1923 — Campaigned on a promise of a postwar "return to normalcy", and accordingly oversaw an uneventful presidency. Notable today mostly for multiple corruption scandals involving members of his Cabinet. Died in office of natural causes.



30. Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1923–1929 — Presiding over a politically uneventful economic boom, Coolidge's economic policies (tax cuts, disdain for government regulation of business) had much in common with today's Republican Party; his relatively outspoken support for civil rights did not.



31. Hoover
Herbert Hoover (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1929–1933 — Rising to national fame by organizing Belgian relief during The Great War, he might have hoped for an uneventful term similar to his predecessors but the Great Depression hit a few months after he took office. Shantytowns for unemployed workers were known as "Hoovervilles", vehicles pulled by horses for want of money for fuel were "Hoover wagons", and an empty trousers pocket turned inside-out was a "Hoover flag". Hoover's inaction was blamed for worsening the Depression, but he continued his philanthropy after leaving office, thus partially rescuing his reputation.



32. F.D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1933–1945 — A distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt, he was the only president to serve more than two terms. Enacted major economic relief legislation, known as the "New Deal", in response to the Great Depression and shepherded the U.S. through most of World War II before dying in office. Forcibly interned many Japanese-American citizens and permanent residents in concentration camps for the duration of World War II.



33. Truman
Harry S. Truman (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1945–1953 — Ordered the nuclear bombing of Japan that brought an end to World War II; with a national approval rating of just 36% heading into reelection, the Chicago Tribune distributed newspapers reading "Dewey Defeats Truman" leading to the infamous photo of Truman holding the periodical after his upset re-election against Thomas Dewey. Desegregated the U.S. military, kicking off the Democrats' transition toward favoring African-American civil rights. Created the Central Intelligence Group, the direct precursor to the CIA. Sent U.S. troops to Korea to assist the U.S.-allied south after it was invaded by the Communist north.



34. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1953–1961 — Former World War II Supreme Allied Commander who presided over the postwar economic boom. Arranged a ceasefire in the Korean War. Signed important civil rights legislation and ordered the desegregation by military force of Little Rock Central High School. Pushed for construction of the Interstate Highway System for its military value. Traveled extensively overseas on the first Boeing 707 Air Force One. Established NASA and launched the Space Race with the Soviet Union.



35. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1961–1963 — First Roman Catholic president and the youngest person ever to be elected president (age 43 in 1961). His attempted invasion of Communist Cuba was an abject failure, but his deft diplomacy during the subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis narrowly avoided nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Sent U.S. troops to Vietnam. Assassinated while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas in 1963.



36. L.B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1963–1969 — Former leader of the U.S. Senate from Texas who became president after Kennedy's assassination. Signed the most expansive package of civil rights and social welfare legislation in U.S. history, the so-called "Great Society". Oversaw the Apollo space program that would later send astronauts to the Moon. Escalated U.S. involvement in Vietnam; conscription for this unpopular war drew widespread protests, draft-dodging, and requests for deferrals on medical or educational grounds. No relation to Andrew Johnson.



37. Nixon
Richard Nixon (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1969–1974 — Escalated, but then withdrew U.S. troops from the Vietnam War. Established a diplomatic relationship with Communist China. Removed the U.S. dollar from the gold standard. Created the Environmental Protection Agency to tackle pollution. Established Amtrak to end the terminal decline of America's (freight) railroads. Resigned from office (the only president ever to do so) under threat of almost certain impeachment in the wake of the Watergate scandal, one of the most far-reaching incidents of political corruption in American history.



38. Ford
Gerald Ford (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1974–1977 — A former college football star, Ford was appointed Vice-President after Spiro Agnew's resignation and succeeded to the presidency after Nixon's resignation, becoming the only person to serve as president without being elected on a presidential ticket. Pardoned Nixon in September 1974 "for all offenses against the United States which he... has committed or may have committed", an unpopular move that was a factor in his narrow defeat in the 1976 election.



39. Carter
Jimmy Carter (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1977–1981 — Former peanut farmer turned governor of Georgia. Pardoned all Vietnam War "draft dodgers", brokered peace between Egypt and Israel, but had rocky relations with Congress. Continued the monetary policies which sustained double-digit inflation during the Nixon/Ford administrations. Was perceived as weak in office due to his handling of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, his reaction to the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution, and his handling of an influx of former prisoners from Cuba. Gained respect as an elder statesman and peacemaker after leaving office. He is the oldest living ex-president, and still active in charitable ventures as of 2020.



40. Reagan
Ronald Reagan (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1981–1989 — 1940s and '50s-era movie star turned California governor. His "Reaganomics" economic policy involved big tax cuts and curtailing regulations on businesses. Abruptly ended the policy of using inflation to lower unemployment. Took hardline positions opposing communism in Eastern Europe and confronting trade unions at home. Despite scandals about covert aid to Nicaraguan anti-communists and covert arms sales to Iran, he remained popular.



41. G.H.W. Bush
George H. W. Bush (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 1989–1993 — Vice-President under Reagan. Led the U.S. into a 5-week war with Iraq after it invaded Kuwait. Was criticized on economic issues; declared "read my lips, no new taxes" before raising taxes. Popular during the Gulf War, a recession toward the end of his term in office cost him support. The Cold War ended during his time in office.



42. Clinton
Bill Clinton (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 1993–2001 — Former governor of Arkansas. A centrist "new Democrat" who took many positions more typical of Republicans, such as cutting social programs and cracking down on crime and illegal immigration. Signed a free trade agreement with Canada and Mexico. Sent U.S. troops to intervene in conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and Somalia. An attempt to let gays freely serve in the armed forces ended in a flawed compromise. His signature health care plan was defeated in Congress. Involvement with the Whitewater Development Corp. drew Clinton into controversy, and he was unsuccessfully impeached for trying to cover up a sex scandal. Presided over the last federal budget surplus to date.



43. G.W. Bush
George W. Bush (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 2001–2009 — Son of George H. W. Bush. In the wake of massive terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001, led the U.S. into lengthy wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Exploited fear of terrorism to curtail civil liberties under the Patriot Act of 2001 and ended passport-free travel from Canada and other adjacent nations in 2007, while relaxing laws governing the banking sector. Markets were bullish during much of the early 2000s, only to crash into recession during the subprime mortgage collapse of 2008 and the bankruptcy of Detroit auto makers GM and Chrysler in 2009.



44. Obama
Barack Obama (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 2009–2017 — First African-American president. Took office during the Great Recession on a platform of "hope and change", briefly had government take equity in domestic auto makers to save manufacturing jobs and continued efforts to bail out the beleaguered financial sector. Signed the first national health insurance law intended to cover all U.S. citizens. Supported measures to defer deportation of people brought illegally to the U.S. in childhood, while increasing deportations of other migrants. Restored diplomatic relations with Cuba in 2015 after a break of 54 years.

45. Trump
Donald Trump (<abbr title="Republican" style="color:red;">R ), 2017–2021 — Wealthy real estate tycoon and media personality who was the first president to have held no prior elected or military office. His "America First" agenda involved restrictions on immigration, an expansion of the Mexican border wall, and relatively isolationist foreign policy. An extremely divisive figure, Trump is the only president to have been impeached twice: first after asking the Ukrainian government to investigate rival Joe Biden's son, and again after a mob of his supporters stormed the United States Capitol to try to overturn the 2020 election results. His single term coincided with widespread civil unrest and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which he was widely felt to have mismanaged.



46. Biden
Joe Biden (<abbr title="Democrat" style="color:blue;">D ), 2021–present — A former long-serving senator from Delaware and Vice President under Barack Obama. Elected to office amid the COVID-19 pandemic on the promise of a return to normalcy. As of 2021, the oldest person to assume the office, and will be the oldest person to do so when he leaves office.



Multiple presidents



 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.
 * — a carving into Mount Rushmore, showing the faces of four of the national presidents, was featured in the film North by Northwest and is one of the most iconic landmarks in South Dakota.

A few public houses have presidential themes.

Presidential transportation: