Old towns

An old town, or historic district, is a town, district, or neighborhood with a significant number of preserved buildings from a bygone era. They often have a nostalgic feel and are considered to be one of the best ways to get a feel for what life was like long ago. The oldest towns have existed since before the beginning of the common era. Several old towns are recognized on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Understand
An old town is inhabited, in contrast to archaeological sites, ghost towns and living history museums.

The old towns that exist today are not necessarily the first settlements built at the location. Many of them have been destroyed by fire, war or disasters, and rebuilt several times. Some old towns, such as Düsseldorf, have been restored to their former appearance in recent times.

There is no universal definition for how old an old town has to be. In many cases it is implied that the settlement has been there at least since the mid-19th century, before steam power brought railroads and large-scale urban planning. This varies between parts of the world, for instance a late 19th-century district might be seen as an old town in the New World, but not in Europe or Asia.

Foreign-language terms for old town:
 * Arabic: Medina (المدينة - not to be confused with the Saudi Arabian city of the same name).
 * Catalan: Ciutat vella
 * Chinese: gǔ zhèn (古镇/古鎮) / lǎo jiē (老街)
 * Czech: Staré město
 * Dutch: Oude stad or historische binnenstad
 * French: Vieille ville, Vieux-(name of town) or Centre historique
 * German: Altstadt
 * Indonesian: Kota tua or kota lama
 * Italian: Città Vecchia or Centro Storico
 * Japanese: Machinami (街並み or 町並み) or Kyu-Shigai (旧市街)
 * Portuguese: Cidade Antiga, Cidade Velha, Centro Histórico, Centro Antigo
 * Serbo-Croatian: Stari Grad
 * Spanish: Ciudad Vieja, Casco Viejo, Centro Histórico or Intramuros
 * Welsh: Hen dref

Get around
Old towns usually have narrow streets and even narrower alleys, where pedestrians move more easily than automobiles. Distances are rarely very great, since the town was invariably constructed in an era when most people had to walk everywhere and wasting space by having houses be far apart from another would thus have seemed supremely pointless to the people who built those towns.

Pre-modern cities typically had less than 100,000 inhabitants (with a few exceptions, such as Rome, Constantinople, Tenochtitlan and Beijing) and were densely populated, so they are usually less than 1 km across. Due to grade separation, staircases and cobblestone, travellers with disabilities might have difficulties to get through some points. Wheeled suitcases, strollers, bicycles and personal electric vehicles can also be hard to get through. Inside buildings, staircases can be steep, and elevators are usually absent; some stairs might have wheelchair lifts. Apartment buildings and hotels built before electrification usually have the fanciest suites near the bottom floor.

Riding a bike is further complicated by the often dense pedestrian traffic and getting off and pushing it is often the smarter choice if you have to get your bike from one end of the old town to the other; see urban cycling.

Entering an old town by automobile can be physically impossible, illegal, or at least very difficult. Even if the road is wide enough for a motorcar, some old towns (particularly Quebec City) are built on steep slopes as a cliff-top or hillside location made the city historically easier to defend against a ground or sea attack. Parking a car outside but near an old town can also be difficult and/or expensive. Citizens who have a car at all, usually have a compact model. Some streets allow cars only during specific hours; usually before noon, to allow deliveries.

Some old towns have gotten some connections to public transport, though in many cases they are rather radial lines bypassing the (narrow) historic core and even long distance transport infrastructure such as train stations have often been constructed outside the old town. Where stations were constructed inside the city walls, it was often the determining factor in (at least partially) tearing them down to make room for the rails. The Napoleonic wars as well as the railway boom shortly thereafter are one of the main reasons so many European old towns have no walls any more. Those city walls that survived this double blow were often razed by bombing in the second world war or torn down to make room for cars. In the latter case the former city wall may still be evident in name and orientation of some city streets.

See
Old towns can have architecture not found anywhere else in the world. Institutional buildings tend to be in well-known architectural styles, such as Gothic architecture or Renaissance architecture. Vernacular buildings might have a more local style. Many old towns are dominated by city walls, castles or other fortifications, together with palaces and religious buildings (churches, mosques, temples, synagogues etc.). Non-government profane buildings can be prominent in merchant cities, such as Venice or old Hanseatic towns.

In some of the old towns, a building is converted to an art, science, historical or biographical museum. A house where a famous person was born or had lived may become a museum about that person's life and work, giving visitors a chance to see the inside of the building as well as the exhibits themselves. Often, several buildings close to one another are converted to different individual museums. Religious buildings are often still in use for religious functions (though some religious buildings have been "rededicated" from church to mosque or from temple to church or vice versa) but can be open for viewing like a museum when the building is not in use for religious functions which take precedent. Many historically important religious buildings in old towns don't have their "own" congregation assigned to them and if you are of a compatible religious orientation you may very well join a service. Rules for indoor photography vary and can be sensitive or even prohibited as in religious settings (such as the Mayan churches in southern Mexico & Guatemala). Some are free to enter while others charge an admission at varying rates or you decide on a donation basis. Other buildings can be converted into government offices, hotels, retail spaces and for other private uses that offer limited or no public access.

Do
Guided tours are offered in many old towns, usually on foot. These give a chance to get a sense of orientation, and a presentation of the town's history and architectures.

Several old towns are served by horse-carriage rides, in old-style carriages. These are often costly, far from genuine, and should primarily be considered if a guided tour is included. Animal ethics can be a concern.

Several old towns have traditional festivals, connecting to their past heritage. Whether carried on since old times (such as Sechseläuten in Zürich), or made up by posterity (such as the Medieval Week in Visby), they can provide an experience beyond the usual, as well as overcrowded venues.

Particularly in (formerly) German-speaking areas Christmas markets are often held in old towns, with some having a tradition of half a millennium or more.

Buy
Old towns usually contain different kinds of shopping: traditional arts and crafts, antiques, as well as mass-produced souvenirs and mundane shopping. These might be overpriced or less genuine than they seem (see tourist traps); if you look for something expensive, take time to compare different shops.

Eat
As old towns are frequented by travellers, meals can be overpriced and only so-so quality wise; in particular near the most frequented venues. Due to lack of modern utilities, hygiene might be deficient. However, good restaurants can also be found. The best places to eat are places popular with locals. Besides a more authentic dining experience, the restaurant owners have greater incentive to keep people coming back, who might even bring a guest, and to maintain a positive reputation among the locals. Avoid restaurants that are devoid of people as there is a reason why business is lousy there. Be wary of restaurants no local goes to.

Sleep
The accommodation inside the old towns can be limited in size and comfort, compared to the Grand Old Hotels of the late-19th century. The available accommodations can be anything from zero star flop houses to five star boutique hotels or anything in between. Some may even be international chains that fit into the old style architecture. Therefore, rooms are rarely standardized, you should have a look at the room or better yet at several rooms as one may be in better condition in a quieter location than the other, or at least have a description, before you make the deal.

Hospitality exchange can be common in European old towns. These services can be controversial, as they might be mixed with regular rental apartments, possibly inflating rents and causing housing shortage. If you stay in a residential building, be polite towards other residents.

Stay safe
As old towns can be packed with people, be aware of common scams as well as pickpockets. Street lighting might be deficient in old towns. As some old towns still have cobblestones, walk carefully when they are wet or you are wearing high heels or pumps (better yet, wear footwear that provides you with good traction).

Though some places have extremely safe old towns where you can walk around at any hour of the day or night without concern, there are some cities whose old towns are high-crime neighborhoods or oases surrounded by bad neighborhoods (such as Casco Viejo in Panama or La Candelaria in Bogota, Colombia), where muggings or assaults can happen. In such cases, take care if you are going out, especially if you go clubbing and get drunk at night. Stay on busy, well-lit streets where there are people walking about and don't wander onto deserted side streets. Use taxis to get around if necessary. There are also old towns in conflict zones hit by civil unrest, terrorism, warfare and/or lawlessness where kidnapping is rife or bullets can be flying overhead in every direction (such as those in Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Egypt, etc.). Many of the restaurants, hotels, stores and sights mentioned in those articles (written before the conflict) may be closed or destroyed in the conflict, so inquire locally as to what is still available, or better yet, if you can avoid travel to conflict zones, do not go there in the first place. In peaceful areas that were formerly conflict zones (such as those in the Balkans), there may still be landmines in the surrounding countryside. See the War zone safety article and your country's foreign ministry website on travel safety for further information.

Emergency routines can be complicated, as police, paramedics and firefighters might not be able to get their vehicles into a neighborhood, and building exits can be hard to find. Follow safety routines to avoid emergencies.

Respect
While the inhabitants of old towns might be used to visitors, they deserve privacy in their usually compact homes. Don't trespass or take intrusive photos. Avoid making noise, in particular at night.

Famous old towns
This incomplete list includes inhabited urban districts of decent size and population, open to the public, that have remained largely intact since around 1850 (or 1900 in the New World), or have been faithfully restored to that state.

Europe & the Caucasus
While a few South European cities date back to Ancient Greece or the Roman Empire, most were founded during the Middle Ages (AD 500-1500). Some of these cities were visited by the young elite on their Grand Tour. Some of them bear scars from warfare, especially World War II, when some cities lost as much as 90% of their pre-war buildings. Due to the wars as well as overzealous city planners from the 19th to the first half of the 20th century, some towns that have long lost their former importance actually have better preserved old towns than more notable cities. Several old towns (not least in Germany and Italy) were once independent or de facto independent city-states. Today, just a few of them fly their own flag (e.g., Monaco, San Marino). Others were part of empires, such as the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, or the Russian Empire.

Balkans

 * Albania: (a UNESCO World Heritage site),  (a UNESCO World Heritage site).


 * Bosnia and Herzegovina:, the old bridge is a UNESCO World Heritage site


 * Bulgaria: and a number of smaller places


 * Croatia:, , ,


 * Montenegro:, ,


 * North Macedonia: ,


 * Romania:, ,


 * Serbia and Kosovo:, , ,

Caucasus

 * Azerbaijan:


 * Georgia: ,

Central Europe

 * Austria:, ,


 * Czech Republic:, , ,


 * Germany (see also Hanseatic League)
 *  castle and churches galore seat of a formerly powerful archbishop popular with Americans as it is close to a former US barracks,
 *  with the famous cathedral ("Kölner Dom"),
 *  Cologne's old rival, rebuilt after the war
 *  The "Florence of the Elbe" much of it destroyed in the second world war (but rebuilt much like it was before)
 *  formerly the heart of the Hanse severely destroyed in the second world war now mostly restored to her former beauty,
 * a medieval and early modern gem, complete with castle and half timbered houses, even though much of it was destroyed and rebuilt because of World War II.
 *  old imperial town of the Ottonian dynasty of the 10th and 11th century AD,
 *  virtually untouched by war since the thirty years war in the 17th century one of the few cities to still have an intact city wall,
 *  surrounded by a wall, built in the 14th century
 *  old hanseatic city,
 *  oldest city in Germany, famous for its Roman Porta Nigra (Latin for black gate),
 *  another former member of the Hanse
 *  virtually untouched by war since the thirty years war in the 17th century one of the few cities to still have an intact city wall,
 *  surrounded by a wall, built in the 14th century
 *  old hanseatic city,
 *  oldest city in Germany, famous for its Roman Porta Nigra (Latin for black gate),
 *  another former member of the Hanse
 *  another former member of the Hanse


 * Hungary:, ,


 * Poland:, , , , , , ,


 * Switzerland:, , , , , ,

Cyprus and Greece

 * Cyprus:, , ,


 * Greece:, ,

Eastern Europe

 * Russia:, , , , , , , , , ,


 * Ukraine:, ,

Northern Europe

 * Denmark:, , , , , ,
 * Estonia: ,
 * Finland:, with the largest uniform wooden old town in the Nordic countries, a ; , with narrow lanes in the old town, which has survived remarkably intact, suggested as a UNESCO World Heritage site
 * Latvia:
 * Lithuania:, , ,
 * Norway: ,
 * Sweden:, , , , , , , , ,

Southern Europe

 * Andorra:


 * Italy: See also Medieval and Renaissance Italy.
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
 * , the setting for William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
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 * Portugal:, , , , , , , ,




 * Spain:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,



Western Europe

 * Belgium:, , , , ,


 * France:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (Medieval Paris, Ile de la Cité, Notre Dame on right side of River Seine);  (le quartier Latin/Latin Quarter on left of River Seine); the small medieval towns along the Alsatian Vineyard Route; The Most Beautiful Villages of France


 * Luxembourg: ,




 * Netherlands: Amsterdam ( and ),, , , , , , , , , ,


 * United Kingdom (see also Medieval Britain and Ireland): a Georgian Spa town with Royal Crescent largely unchanged from when it was built in 1774 and Roman Baths dating back to 70CE,, , , , ,  the medieval centre of town with much of the street plan unchanged, a Unesco World Heritage site together with the neighbouring New Town (built between 1770 and 1820),  a medieval city with a 12th century university,  a city with medieval walls and 15th century timber framed shops in the Shambles. Sir Alec Clifton Taylor also noted , ,  with town walls rebuilt from 1560, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  and  of specific interest, in a series of BBC documentaries.

Central and East Asia

 * China:
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * and the in Shanghai
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.
 * Several parts of China also have "water towns" with many canals and picturesque older buildings; some are within modern cities and some not. One list is here.


 * Japan:
 * - Historic Arita pottery buildings in the Uchiyama district from the Edo and Showa periods
 * - A former samurai district with a handful of houses that can be entered
 * - An Edo Period copper and bengara mining town known for its unique red-hued buildings
 * - Listed as a World Heritage Site, this is a former castle town with preserved samurai districts, including the homes of future prime ministers and other important historic figures.
 * - A preserved samurai district lined with black walls, famous for the weeping cherries that line most of the district
 * - The 47th station of the Tokaido Road, the Seki-juku, is one of the best preserved post towns that connected Edo to Kyoto
 * - The Bikan Historic Quarter is a former merchant district. It's one of the largest preservation districts in the nation.
 * - The Bikan Historic Quarter is a former merchant district. It's one of the largest preservation districts in the nation.
 * - The Bikan Historic Quarter is a former merchant district. It's one of the largest preservation districts in the nation.
 * - The Bikan Historic Quarter is a former merchant district. It's one of the largest preservation districts in the nation.
 * - The Bikan Historic Quarter is a former merchant district. It's one of the largest preservation districts in the nation.




 * North Korea: Kaesong


 * South Korea: Seoul (Jongno and Jung}, Hahoe, Yangdong


 * Taiwan: Jiufen, Tainan


 * Uzbekistan: Bukhara, Samarkand, Shakhrizabz

Middle East


The Middle East contains many of the world's oldest cities, some of them inhabited for several thousand years, with heritage to Ancient Mesopotamia or at least the Islamic Golden Age.


 * Lebanon:
 * Iran:, , ,
 * Iraq:,
 * Israel/Palestine:, , , , , ,
 * Jordan:
 * Saudi Arabia:, , ,
 * Syria:, ,
 * Turkey:, , , , , , , , , (Odunpazarı), , , , , , , , , , , ,
 * Yemen:, , ,

South and Southeast Asia

 * Bangladesh:


 * India:
 * Eastern India: ,
 * Northern India:, , , , , , ,
 * Southern India: Hyderabad, ,
 * Western India:, , , , ,


 * Indonesia: Jakarta/West (old Batavia & Chinatown), Jakarta/North (part of old Batavia), Semarang, Solo, Yogyakarta


 * Laos: Luang Prabang,


 * Malaysia: (historic buildings are mostly from the 19th and early 20th centuries, but that's old for surviving buildings in Malaysia), Ipoh (ditto to remarks on George Town's historic buildings), Kuching (again, some 19th-century buildings),  (the small Heritage Area has truly old buildings, dating back as far as the 16th century)


 * Myanmar:


 * Pakistan:, ,


 * Philippines:
 * Baclayon
 * Iloilo City
 * Laoag
 * Loboc
 * Manila/Intramuros - Capital of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era, with a collection of Spanish-era buildings and fortifications. Houses the San Agustin Church, inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List
 * Santa Maria - Its old church is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
 * Sariaya - 19th and 20th-century architecture, most notably Art Deco buildings
 * Taal - Rural town with a well-preserved Spanish-era town center.
 * Tayabas
 * Vigan -


 * Vietnam:, Hue, Hoi An

Africa


Most old towns in North and East Africa have an Arabic (or at least Islamic) heritage, but some have an even earlier history.


 * Algeria: Casbah of Algiers, Ghardaïa
 * Cape Verde: Cidade Velha; Founded in 1462, this is one of the oldest European colonial cities
 * Egypt: Cairo/Old Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, Aswan
 * Ethiopia: Axum (Aksum), Harar, Lalibela
 * Kenya: Lamu, Mombasa
 * Libya: Tripoli
 * Malawi: Zomba
 * Mali: Djenné, Timbuktu
 * Morocco: Chefchaouen, El Jadida, Meknes, Rabat, Essaouira, Fez, Marrakech, Tangier, Tetouan, and the Ksar of Ait-Benhaddou
 * South Africa: Cape Town
 * Tanzania: Stone Town
 * Tunisia: Tunis

Americas
The Americas have some colonial old towns from the time between the European arrival in 1492 and the independence movements of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Most of these are in the Caribbean (current and former English, Dutch, French and Spanish territories), New Spain (modern-day Mexico, Southwestern U.S., Cuba & Puerto Rico) or in the coastal areas of the rest of Latin America. Some colonial cities were actually built in or close to indigenous settlements but hardly any traces of the pre-1492 cities remain today while many were built as centers of trade in the interior such as those in Mexico, Peru and Bolivia as a trade hub for the surrounding silver mines. Many colonial cities in the Americas were planned in a rectangular grid, with a central plaza, and a main street. The rectangular planning continued into the early 20th century, when suburban planning for automobile commuting became dominant.


 * Barbados: Bridgetown
 * Bermuda: Saint George
 * Bolivia: Potosí, Sucre
 * Brazil: Corumbá de Goiás, Diamantina, Goiás city, Lençóis, Mariana, Natal, Ouro Preto, Olinda, Paraty, Pirenópolis, Recife, Salvador, São Cristóvão, São Luís, Tiradentes
 * Canada: Lunenburg (dates back to the 18th century, with other buildings from the 19th century), Montreal/Old Montreal (includes 17th-19th-century buildings), Quebec City (the most famous old town in Canada, very reminiscent of European old towns). Ottawa also has some claim to being an old town by Canadian standards, as much of its historical center is composed of old low-rise buildings from the early to mid 19th century, plus other later ones built in a compatible style.
 * Chile: Valparaíso
 * Colombia: Bogotá/La Candelaria, Barichara, Cartagena, Jardín, Popayan, Santa Cruz de Mompox, Santa Fe de Antioquia, Santa Marta, Tunja, Villa de Leyva, Zipaquirá
 * Cuba: Cienfuegos, Havana, Trinidad
 * Curaçao: Willemstad
 * Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo
 * Ecuador: Quito, Cuenca
 * Guatemala: Antigua Guatemala
 * Mexico: Alamos, Campeche, Durango, Guanajuato, Mexico City/Centro, Xochimilco, Merida, Morelia, Oaxaca, Patzcuaro, Puebla, Queretaro, Real de Catorce, San Cristobal de las Casas, San Luis Potosi, San Miguel de Allende, Taxco, Zacatecas
 * Nicaragua: Leon and its old arch-rival Granada
 * Peru: Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Lima/Central, Ollantaytambo, Trujillo
 * Puerto Rico: San Juan/Old San Juan, San German
 * United States: Annapolis, Baltimore/Fells Point, Boston/Downtown; Charleston SC; Charles Town WV; Eureka Springs, AK; ; Frederick MD; Galena, IL; Gloucester MA; Harpers Ferry WV; Leesburg VA; New Orleans/French Quarter; Financial District, New York City, Old Market, Omaha, Philadelphia/Old City, Plymouth MA, Port Townsend WA; Portland ME/Old Port; Old Sacramento, Salem MA; St Augustine FL; San Antonio TX; San Diego/Old Town-Mission Valley; Savannah GA; Santa Fe NM; Taos NM; Washington, D.C./Georgetown; Williamsburg VA; Virginia City, NV.
 * See the Old West article for a list of additional cities and towns in the old west.
 * Uruguay: Montevideo, Colonia del Sacramento
 * Venezuela: Coro, Ciudad Bolívar, Cumaná

Oceania
Oceania's old towns are relatively young: the indigenous cultures were not urban, and European colonists arrived in the last few centuries. For instance, Sydney, Australia's oldest city, was only established in 1788.


 * Australia: Fremantle, Hahndorf, Hobart, Kingston (Norfolk Island), Melbourne, Port Arthur (Tasmania), Ross (Tasmania), Sydney
 * New Zealand: Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Lyttelton