Mountaineering

Mountaineering is the act of trekking and climbing mountains, often with specialised equipment. The sport of mountaineering aims at reaching the highest point of mountains, preferably high, difficult to climb or (mostly historically) yet unclimbed ones. The techniques differ depending on whether the terrain is rock, snow or ice, and in many cases the mountaineer has to face all of them in difficult (cold and windy) conditions at high altitudes after a long wilderness hike. Except in the case of the easiest mountains, mountaineering requires experience, athletic ability, good equipment, and technical knowledge, and safety can seldom be guaranteed.

As mountaineering requires training and experience for all but the easiest cases – and determining whether the conditions allow a safe tour requires experience in itself – this article will not try to teach the needed skills. Instead it touches on some of the issues, tries to explain what mountaineering is about, and lists some destination of interest for mountaineers or those fascinated by the topic.

Understand
The simplest climbs involve just hiking, cycling or cross country skiing through some hills. Even these can be quite rewarding, giving fine views and perhaps opportunities for camping or wildlife photography.

Beyond that, there are relatively easy mountains such as Mount Fuji or Kilimanjaro which can be climbed by nearly anyone in good enough physical condition. Others are more difficult so they require planning, guides, skills and equipment. Even then they are hazardous; for example, there are about 200 corpses on Mount Everest.

Volcanoes have another whole set of hazards, covered in the linked article.

Rock climbing is a related but distinct activity.

Seven first summits
The Seven Summits are the tallest mountains on each continent. The summits are:


 * , Asia, 8,848 m
 * , South America, 6,961 m
 * , North America, 6,194 m
 * , Africa, 5,895 m
 * , Europe, 5,642 m
 * , Antarctica, 4,892 m

Mainland Australia's tallest mountain, (2,228 m), was on the original Seven Summits list. As this mountain is considered a rather trivial challenge (which can be done in a 6-km walk), on New Guinea (4,884 m) is considered to represent Oceania. New Guinea lies on the Australian tectonic plate and is geologically considered part of the Australian continent.

(4,810 m) is occasionally regarded as Europe's tallest mountain, as Elbrus, and nearby peaks, are on different sides of the Europe-Asia border depending on definition. However, the mountain is not on any of the Seven Summits lists. It is still a classic in mountaineering, and an alternative to Elbrus, often preferred due to the unstable political situation in the North Caucasus.

Seven second summits
Some mountaineers attempt to climb the second highest peak on each continent. While the peaks are at lower altitudes than the Seven Summits, some of them are more technically difficult, so some of the Second Summits are considered a greater mountaineering challenge than the Seven Summits.


 * , Asia, 8,611 m; considered to be more technically challenging to climb than Everest. Also experiences even worse weather, being nearly 8 degrees of latitude north of Everest.
 * , South America, 6,893 m; highest volcano of the Earth. It's slightly more technically difficult than Aconcagua, but is considered less physically demanding because its base camp is 700 m (2,300 ft) higher than that of Aconcagua and can be reached by four-wheel-drive vehicle.
 * , North America, 5,959 m. Considered equal to or slightly greater in technical difficulty than Denali, but far more difficult to access, especially for climbers lacking the resources to charter a plane.
 * , Europe, 5,205 m. Considerably more challenging than Elbrus.
 * , Africa, 5,199 m. Requires advanced rock climbing gear, while Kilimanjaro can be summited with no technical difficulty.
 * , Antarctica, 4,852 m

Once again, there's some disagreement about the seventh mountain on the list. If you prefer a mountain in Australia, it's (2,209 m); otherwise, it's  (4,760 m) in Indonesia. While Puncak Mandala is easier technically than Puncak Jaya, it has a much more difficult approach route, which is arguably the biggest problem with mountaineering in New Guinea.

Those who consider Mont Blanc the tallest mountain in Europe would consider (4,634 m; Switzerland's tallest mountain) to be the second tallest.

Other high peaks

 * Himalayas
 * Annapurna (8,091 m)
 * Alps
 * Dufourspitze/Punta Dufour/Monte Rosa (4,634 m); see Zermatt
 * Matterhorn/Mont Cervin (4,478 m)
 * Sierra Madre
 * Pico de Orizaba (5,636 m)
 * Popocatepetl (5,426 m)
 * Iztaccihuatl (5,230 m)
 * Nevado de Toluca (4,691 m)

"Easy" high peaks

 * Mount Fuji (3,776 m) in Japan
 * Mount Kinabalu (4,095 m) in Malaysia
 * Pikes Peak (4,302 m) in the US state of Colorado near Colorado Springs. If you don't feel like climbing, a toll road that starts in nearby Manitou Springs ends at the summit.
 * Mount Evans (4,350 m), also in the US state of Colorado, near Idaho Springs. A paved road ends about 40 m (130 feet) below the summit.
 * Ojos del Salado (6,893 m) in Northern Chile; one of the Seven Second Summits.
 * Pokalde (5,800 m) 12 km southwest of Mount Everest

In addition to these, there are some even easier peaks with cable cars or trains going to the summit or almost all the way, such as Teide (3,715 m) in Spain, Aiguille du Midi (3,842 m) in the French Alps, Jungfraujoch (3,454 m) in Switzerland, Pico Espejo (4,765 m) in Venezuela and the Tanggula Pass (5,072 m) in China.

Other areas

 * The Scandinavian range (see also Hiking destinations in Norway)
 * Jotunheimen (with Norway's highest peak, Galdhøpiggen: 2,469 m)
 * Romsdal Alps (with Store Venjetind: 1,852 m)
 * Kebnekaise (2,093 m), Sweden's tallest mountain

Get around


A mountain expedition usually consists of a combination of hiking (in some cases skiing), scrambling and actual climbing on rock or ice – besides taking care of safety and basic needs.

Base camp
The base camp is a camp in a reasonably convenient and safe location, where one can stay while preparing for the climb, wait for good weather, and leave equipment and supplies not needed on the climb itself. The base camp can in many cases be reached by vehicles.

Often trekkers will go as far as the base camp with no intent to actually attempt climbing the mountain. The Everest Base Camp Trek and the K2 base camp trek are two examples.

Huts
On popular routes there are often mountain cabins, safety huts and similar. These provide at least some shelter from the elements, sometimes also basic provisions and meals.

Tent
A tent is often the primary place to sleep on mountaineering journeys. It can be used where there are no huts, and when the hut cannot be reached because of foul weather or other circumstances. On many climbs there are no convenient places to put up the tent, so special arrangements are needed. High winds are also an issue.

Snow cave
Snow caves are a reasonably comfortable option under some circumstances: you need a suitable thick snow cover where you are going to dig the cave and the place should not risk avalanches or similar threats. The main problems are moisture and the risk of suffocation in case ventilation fails. Expertise is needed.

Natural caves in ice are fundamentally different, with their own set of risks.

Stay safe
When climbing, there is the risk of falling. On deep ice and snow there can be crevasses obscured by snowbridges. There are also the risks of avalanches, falling rock and ice, altitude sickness, snow blindness, cold weather etc.

In additions to mountain slopes often being exposed for high winds, the mountains in themselves can create high winds down the slopes, as cold (and thus heavy) air high up the mountain rushes down to the valleys. The topology may also funnel winds into particular passages.

Mountain climbing is never entirely without risk; it is reasonably safe if your physical condition, skills and equipment are adequate for the mountain in question, but if any of those are seriously inadequate then it can be nearly suicidal. Really high or difficult mountains are always quite dangerous; there are over 200 corpses on Everest and nearly 100 on K2.
 * Altitude sickness
 * Avalanches
 * Cold weather
 * Dehydration is a risk because water evaporates faster at lower air pressure
 * Glaciers
 * Sunburn
 * Volcanoes