History of organized labor

This is a travel topic concerned with the history of modern industrial labor as it emerged in the late 18th, early 19th century with the development of steam power and industrialization and the fight of laborers for the right to strike, the eight hour work day, political participation and numerous other advances. While the Soviet Union for seven decades claimed to be "the homeland of the world proletariat", the history of labor has often been ignored, forgotten or deliberately erased by the ruling classes. Who for example knows why May 1st is "Labor Day" in most of the world – but not in the one country where the event that set that date occurred: the U.S. Who knows that "redneck", now a slur for poor rural white Southerners, originally referred to striking workers wearing red neckerchiefs and fighting against the hired goons of their bosses. That said, many sites of the history of labor are preserved in some ways and can be visited. "Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!"

- Marx & Engels

Understand
Strikes, revolts and other labor conflicts have been known since at least ancient Egypt. However, before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in the countryside without formal education, with very few opportunities to organize. Well into the 19th century, many of the world's countries had slavery, serfdom, indentured servitude or other legal systems which limited civil rights for much of the population. Even many workers who were formally free citizens, were in practice at a landowner's mercy.

The first modern labor movements appeared in industrial Britain. Small children were employed in factories and accidents which cost workers life and limb were daily occurrences. Virtually all advances in rights for laborers were hard fought for and won with the blood, sweat and tears of working men and women and sometimes children. During the early industrialization many people fled the rampant rural poverty (or as in England, the "enclosure" phenomenon, which removed the Commons from the access of normal people by putting it under private ownership) into the burgeoning urban centers for hope of a better life, only to find starvation wages, unsanitary conditions in slums, excessive rents and disease, malnutrition and generally unacceptable conditions. It was these conditions, sometimes called "Manchester capitalism" that inspired the German factory owner's son Friedrich Engels to write "On the State of the Working Classes in England", an indictment of the horrific conditions under which laborers had to toil. His friend Karl Marx meanwhile began developing a system of critique of capitalism which he laid out in his magnum opus Das Kapital which Engels edited and published after the death of his friend. Inspired by Engels and Marx but also by their horrific conditions, millions of workers started joining unions and Worker's Parties to advocate for better treatment, better wages and more political influence. The response of the powers that be mostly consisted of repression, and many strikes were broken up by force – both of official police and "private security forces" hired by the bosses. However, some capitalists recognized that treating their workers slightly better would decrease the likelihood of strikes, rebellions and uprisings. In Germany the military-industrial company Krupp started building "ideal communities" to house its workers and pay above average salaries, while at the same time ruthlessly cracking down on unions, Social Democracy and any open discontent. Reactionary politicians like Bismarck employed "carrot and stick" policies like cracking down on Social Democracy (including "apolitical" worker's clubs whose official purpose was sports or singing, but which were used for political agitation), while at the same time instituting the beginnings of the modern social safety net, namely old age pensions, health insurance and accident insurance for workers. In 1871 in the course of the disastrous war Napoleon III had started against a Prussian-led alliance, the people of Paris rose up against the Bourgeois Republic and the remnants of the Empire alike, forming the "Paris Commune", which was crushed with the collaboration of Republican forces led by Adolphe Thiers and the tacit approval of the Prussians. This was the first attempt at a proletarian revolution and the only one during the lifetime of Marx and Engels. Marx subsequently wrote a book critiquing the Paris Commune and outlining what they could have done to avoid being crushed.

Marx and Engels' ideals, called communism, envisioned a classless society in which the workers owned the means of production, and where everybody worked for the good of the community as a whole and received equal pay. The Russian Revolution in 1917 would lead to the establishment of the Soviet Union as the world's first state claiming to be on a path towards communism, and this system of government was later exported to other countries such as those in eastern Europe, as well as some other countries like Cuba, China, Vietnam, Laos, Mongolia and North Korea. Neither the Soviet Union nor any of the other communist countries got anywhere close to achieving Marx and Engels' vision, and by the 1990s, communism was largely abandoned as a system of government. Most of the few remaining nominally communist countries are more or less capitalist in practice. However, many of the reforms Marx and Engels suggested for an intermediate and transitional "socialism" stage between capitalism and communism were adopted by socialist/labor and some other parties in the 20th century, and are maintained to a lesser or greater extent in the many countries that have strong social safety nets and protections for workers and the poor.

Religion has had different roles in organized labour. While Christian socialism had its heyday around 1900 and some unions had a Christian philosophy, Marx's description of religion as an "opium for the masses" recognized the church's alleviation of poverty but rejected its usefulness to criticize capitalism. Many of the communist parties were nominally non-religious or anti-religious, at the same time creating a cult of personality around a living or deceased leader.

Labor Day
Many countries have a national holiday for organized labor. In most countries it is May 1st (coinciding with some European spring festivals). In Canada and the United States, Labor Day is the first Monday in September.

Since the English-speaking countries were among the first to industrialize, they have the oldest labor parade and festival traditions. In Melbourne, Australia, stonemasons and construction workers successfully protested on 21 April 1856 for an eight-hour day, and then turned the day into an annual commemoration, Nowadays, however, each state and territory in Australia sets its own date for "Labor Day". In Toronto on 15 April 1872 workers successfully protested against the fact that unions were still illegal in Canada. Now legalized Canadian unions began to organize parades that were as much celebrations as they were protests, including a massive one on 22 July 1882 attended by American labor leader Peter J. McGuire, who brought the idea back to New York City, and organized a similar event to be held annually on the first Monday of September, beginning on 5 September, 1882. In 1886 protests were held across the United States for an eight-hour day beginning on 1 May; in Chicago the protests turned violent in the "Haymarket Affair". The Second International called for protests to commemorate the Haymarket events on 1 May 1890, and not only North American, but also European and Latin American unions responded with marches. Thereafter, the union movement in North America became divided on which date and what theme ought to be marked, the radically political 1 May, or the celebratory first Monday of September. After riots broke out in Cleveland in 1894, the governments of Canada and the United States both made the September Labor Day an official holiday in 1894 and thereby undercut 1 May. European and Latin American labor unions quickly adopted 1 May since that was already a folk holiday in many countries.

Destinations
Some places have Workers’ Assembly Halls where unions had their offices.