Fujian

Fujian (福建 Fújiàn) is a coastal province in East China. It has long been an outward-looking province, much involved in maritime trade, and is the ancestral homeland for many overseas Chinese, especially in Southeast Asia. Located just across the sea from Taiwan, it is also the ancestral homeland for most Taiwanese, and continues to share close cultural ties with the island.

The terrain is very hilly. There is a saying that Fujian is 80% mountain, 10% water, and 10% farmland. Because of its mountainous terrain and relative isolation, Fujian has a large number of local languages and dialects, many of which are not mutually intelligible.

Population in the 2020 census was 41.5 million, which is small for a Chinese province but slightly more than Canada, Poland or California. The most important cities are either on the coast (Xiamen and Quanzhou) or a few miles up a navigable river (Fuzhou).

Cities
Fujian is divided administratively into nine regions. Eight of them are prefectures, each around a central city and named for the city. For the ninth, Xiamen, there is no separate prefecture, just the city. The nine cities are:


 * (福州) &mdash; the provincial capital
 * (龙岩) &mdash; in the West of Fujian, and gateway to the Fujian Tulou
 * (南平) &mdash; up the Min river from Fuzhou, and gateway to Mount Wuyi
 * (宁德) &mdash; on the coast, North of Fuzhou
 * (莆田) &mdash; between Fuzhou and Quanzhou, and birthplace of the popular sea goddess Mazu
 * (泉州) &mdash; historic port on the Maritime Silk Road, a
 * (三明) &mdash; up in the mountains
 * (厦门) &mdash; special economic zone and port city, ferries for Taiwan
 * (漳州) &mdash; southwest of Xiamen

These are substantial cities; none are under two million population.

Other destinations
Fujian has several sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List:
 * &mdash; a car-free island near downtown Xiamen, full of old colonial-period buildings
 * &mdash; a scenic area famous for its tea, mountains, rivers and traditional architecture, up a river from Fuzhou
 * &mdash; fascinating, centuries-old earth building also known as Hakka roundhouses, in the west of the province

There are other interesting places as well:
 * &mdash; a well preserved (or restored) seaside fortress
 * Peninsula &mdash; windswept beaches and ruins of an ancient and modern fortifications
 * &mdash; a UNESCO Global Geopark near Sanming

Understand
The Fujian area was historically inhabited by non-Chinese ethnic groups collectively known as the Baiyue. Prior to being conquered by the Han Dynasty in 111 BCE, Fujian was an independent Minyue Kingdom, paying tribute but not part of the Chinese Empire. After the conquest the Baiyue people gradually assimilated into the Han Chinese.

Fujian has long been one of the more prosperous and outward-looking provinces of China, an area of traders and seafarers. As its terrain is largely mountainous, this presented a natural barrier between Fujian and the rest of China, making it primarily connected to the outside world by sea. In the era of tea clippers, two of China's five Treaty Ports &mdash; Xiamen and Fuzhou &mdash; were in Fujian, and Fuzhou shipped more tea than any other port. The English word "tea" was in fact derived from the word in the local dialect of Xiamen, where Dutch traders had obtained their tea from to sell to the British.

Fujian has been a large source of Chinese migrants, and many overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, as well as the vast majority of Taiwanese trace their ancestry to Fujian. In fact, Taiwan was once administered as part of Fujian province before being split off to form a separate province by the Qing government in 1887.

After the Second World War, times were fairly hard in Fujian; trade with traditional customers Japan and Taiwan was greatly reduced. The Chinese Civil War resulted in Fujian becoming a divided province, with most of the province being controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but the offshore islands of Kinmen and Matsu being controlled by the Republic of China (ROC). Fujian has recovered, however: like other coastal provinces, it is one of the more modern and prosperous areas of China. Many ethnic Chinese from Southeast Asia have invested heavily in Fujian due to family ties in the province. South Fujian has also become a popular investment destination for Taiwanese businessmen due to their close cultural and linguistic ties. Fujian's GDP surpassed that of Taiwan in 2019, marking an important milestone in the province's economic development.

Light industry, especially clothing and shoes, predominates but there is some heavier industry. Agriculture is also important; in particular, Fujian produces a great deal of tea &mdash; notably some excellent Oolong teas. As a coastal province, Fujian is much involved with the sea. Fishing and fish farming are important industries and the local cuisine emphasizes seafood.

Fujian has a higher proportion of Muslims than most areas of Southern China due to the history of trade via the Maritime Silk Road, and quite a few Christians since it was a focus of 19th century missionary activity.

There is some tourist information on the provincial government site.

Talk
Today, all educated people in Fujian speak Mandarin. It has been the language of education throughout China since the 1950s and is now the lingua franca in Fujian as with everywhere else. However, it is often spoken with strong accents, particularly in rural areas, as a result of non-native Mandarin speakers approximating various sounds from Mandarin into sounds from their native dialects. The most stereotypical mispronunciation of Mandarin among non-native speakers from Fujian is of the "f" sound, which is often pronounced as a "h" sound by people from Fujian. People from Fujian also often mispronounce the Mandarin "sh" as "s", "ch" as "c" and "zh" as "z".

However, Fujian also has many local dialects. The terrain is mountainous; at one time nearly every valley had its own language. These dialects are usually described with the prefix "Min" (闽 Mǐn), where Min is another name for Fujian. These dialects are not mutually intelligible, though they do share certain common features. Generally speaking, the "Min" group of Chinese dialects is the most different from standard Mandarin of all the dialects in China. Minnan has fewer similarities with Mandarin than English has with Dutch.

Among the most important is Minnan Hua (闽南话 Mǐnnán huà; Southern Min), spoken in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and surrounding areas. There are dialectal variations of Minnan between the three cities; the Xiamen dialect is considered to be the prestige dialect. Many people in Taiwan speak the same language, though they may call it Taiwanese. In Malaysia and Singapore, the same language is called Hokkien (the Minnan word for Fujian). The Teochew dialect spoken just across the border in the Chaoshan region of Guangdong is similar to Minnan, but only partially mutually intelligible, while Hainanese is also closely related to Minnan, but not mutually intelligible with it.

The Mindong (闽东话 Mǐndōng huà; Eastern Min) or Fuzhou Hua (福州话 Fúzhōu huà; Fuzhou speech) dialect is spoken in Fuzhou and also has many speakers in the northern coastal areas. The same language is spoken on the Matsu islands, which while closer to Fuzhou are controlled by Taiwan. In Malaysia and Singapore, it is known as Hokchiu or Foochow. There are dialectal variations; the Mindong dialects in Fuzhou and Fu'an, which are only about 4 hours apart by car, are not mutually intelligible, though the Fuzhou dialect is considered to be the prestige dialect of Mindong.

Other Min dialects include Minbei (闽北 Mǐn běi; Northern Min), Minzhong (闽中 Mǐn zhōng; Central Min) and Puxian Min, named for Putian city and the surrounding Xianyou county.

The Hakka (客家 Kèjiā) people in the West of Fujian, and in several other areas of Southern China, came as refugees from one of Northern China's wars some centuries back. Hakka means "guest people". They have their own Hakka language (客家话 Kèjiāhuà), more closely related to Northern dialects and Cantonese rather than to any other Fujian language.

As with the rest of China, English is not widely spoken, though airline and high-end hotel staff in the larger cities will usually have a basic grasp of English.

Get in
Fujian is well connected via China's domestic airline, bus, highway and train networks.

The largest airport in Fujian is at Xiamen. It is the main hub of XiamenAir, and is well-served by international flights to other Asian countries, as well as intercontinental flights to Amsterdam, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Sydney and Vancouver. There are also a limited number of international flights into Fuzhou and Quanzhou  from other Asian cities. Numerous other cities also have an airport, though these cater almost entirely for domestic flights.

There are good highway connections around the province and out of it into neighboring provinces. There are regular buses from any of the main Fujian cities to any of the major cities in nearby provinces. Many of the roads are through mountainous (or at least very hilly) terrain and are feats of engineering involving a lot of bridges and tunnels. During World War II, the Japanese controlled most of Fujian but did not reach Sanming because of the mountains. Today, it is a few hours' drive on good roads from Fuzhou.

There is a high-speed rail line in service which connects the main cities along the Fujian coast north to Wenzhou, Ningbo, Hangzhou and Shanghai, and south to Shantou, Shanwei, Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Speeds are over 200 km/hour (125 mph) and the Fuzhou-Shanghai trip takes about six hours. Two more high-speed lines connect the province with the interior of the country: one runs from Fuzhou to Hefei (and, ultimately, Beijing); the other, from Fuzhou and Putian to Nanchang (in Jiangxi), with some trains continuing to Wuhan (in Hubei).

Older rail lines which wind inland through the mountains carry passengers as well and are considerably cheaper, but much less convenient. For example, Fuzhou-Shanghai costs ¥130 instead of ¥280 (or ¥330 first class) on the fast train, but it takes 17 hours instead of 6.

There are ferry boats to Taiwan-controlled islands that are located near the Fujian coast: from Mawei (a suburb of Fuzhou) to Matsu, and from Xiamen to Kinmen. To reach the main island of Taiwan, there are ferries direct from Xiamen or from Matsu, but not from Kinmen. There are flights from either island to the main island of Taiwan.

If you are a citizen of certain countries and in transit to a third country, you may be eligible for visa waiver to visit Xiamen only for up to 144 hours (6 days). See the Xiamen article for details.

Get around
The main mode of intercity travel is traditionally by bus. The standard low-cost low-speed trains are less convenient in Fujian than elsewhere because they wind around a lot in the mountainous terrain. Flying within the province is relatively expensive.

New lines for high speed trains, on a more direct route along the coast, are now in service. For anywhere they go &mdash; Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Putian, Fuzhou, Ningde and beyond toward Zhejiang and Shanghai &mdash; they are now the most convenient way to travel.

Parks and landscapes
Wuyishan: Climb up this mountain and enjoy the view from the top. It is worth it! It takes about an hour to reach the top and half an hour to come down. Enjoy the scenic bamboo raft ride down the river. You get to see huge rocks of different shapes and sizes - some of which resemble people or animals. You will also get to see some "hanging coffins" - coffins, believed to be more than 2000 years old, placed inside large cracks in some of the gigantic rocks. These cracks are about 20–40 metres above the river. Nobody knows how the coffins got there. The ride takes about one-and-the-half hours. Each raft comes with two rowers and can take six passengers.

Gulangyu is a smaller island next to Xiamen Island, across the 500-meter-wide Lujiang from downtown Xiamen. Gulangyu was originally named round sandbar (Yuen Chau Tsai) during the Ming Dynasty because of a grotto created by the action of the waves. Gulangyu is known as “Sea Garden” since the island climate is warm in the winter and cool in the summer, as if it experiences spring all year around. All kinds of flowers bloom, and the grass and leaves are always green.

The China Danxia landscape near Taining are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Museums

 * The provincial museum is in Fuzhou, in the park beside West Lake (西湖 Xīhú).
 * Mawei (马尾 mǎwěi), just outside Fuzhou, has a museum commemorating a battle there between the Chinese navy and the French in the 1880s.
 * Xiamen has an Overseas Chinese Museum, located downtown roughly halfway between the ferry terminal and Xiamen University (厦门大学 Xiàmén dàxué).
 * Quanzhou, formerly one of the world's great ports (Marco Polo considered it "one of the two greatest havens in the world for commerce"), has a Maritime Museum.

Religious buildings
One could plan a tour of Fujian devoted to exploring its amazing variety of religious structures. Xiamen, Fuzhou and Quanzhou all have major Buddhist temples, and there are dozens of lesser temples in smaller cities or scattered around the countryside. The Hualin Temple (华林寺) in Fuzhou, founded in 964, is one of the oldest wooden structures in China.

Of course there are many Taoist and Confucian temples as well. Quanzhou has Qingyuan Mountain, a major Taoist site that attracts visitors from all over China, partly because it has a famous statue of Lao Tse, the founder of Taoism. The original Shaolin Temple, one of China's greatest centers of kung fu, is in Henan, but during one of China's many wars a lot of the monks fled South and founded Southern Shaolin with one temple on Qingyuan Mountain and another in Putian.

Quanzhou also has relics of several religions introduced via the Maritime Silk Road. It has one of China's oldest mosques, built in 1009, and the tombs of several Muslim saints. Across the river in Jinjiang is the world's last Manichean temple. Quanzhou and Jinjiang have relics of Nestorian Christians; the sect was based in Persia and sent missionaries east, reaching China by the 7th century AD. The first Catholic missionaries, Franciscan monks, reached China via Quanzhou in 1313.

Fujian was also a major area of missionary activity in the 19th century and well into the 20th. Christian churches of various denominations abound; China's oldest Protestant church is in Xiamen. The cities all have several churches and many villages have one or two.

Meizhou Island, near Putian, has the main temple of the sea Goddess Mazu; the annual festival in her honour attracts tens of thousands of worshippers from all over the Chinese diaspora, especially fishermen and sailors.

Eat
Fujian has its own cuisine, largely based on seafood. Fujian cuisine can be sub-divided into several distinct cuisines, with perhaps the clearest distinction between South Fujian cuisine, Fuzhou cuisine and West Fujian cuisine. Hakka people have their own distinctive cuisine.

Drink
Fujian is famous for tea (in the 19th century, Fuzhou was China's busiest tea port) and you can get good tea almost anywhere. In fact, the English word "tea" was derived from its Minnan name. Try the tea eggs (茶葉蛋 cháyèdàn), hard boiled eggs cooked in tea, available on streets everywhere.

Like most of China, Fujian has many locations for large Chinese coffee (上岛咖啡 shàngdǎo kāfēi) chains &mdash; including UBC, Ming Tien and SPR &mdash; and a few Starbucks. For most Western tastes, SPR are easily the best of those, but avoid their airport locations which have astronomical pricing. There are also some good smaller local chains, Blenz, Dawin and King Buck; these are usually cheaper.

Alcoholic beverages, especially beer, are common, served in almost every restaurant except Muslim places and Buddhist temples. Hui Quan is a Fujian brand, a light palatable lager. Bai jiu (white lightning) is used mainly for formal toasts at banquets.

Stay safe
Like other areas on the Southern coast of China, Fujian is prone to typhoons, which occur mostly from July to September. The province is also located on several small fault lines, and so is occasionally hit by earthquakes, though these tend to be minor.

Go next
Neighboring provinces along the coast are Zhejiang to the North and Guangdong to the South. Jiangxi lies inland of Fujian. There are good connections to any of these by road or rail.

The Taiwanese-controlled islands of Kinmen and Matsu can be visited by regular ferry service from Xiamen to Kinmen (30 minutes or 1 hour) or from Fuzhou (Mawei) to Matsu (2 hours). There are also ferries directly to the main island from Taiwan from Xiamen and possibly Pingtan, as well as ferries continuing from the Taiwan-controlled Matsu Islands to Taiwan. There appears to be no ferry from Kinmen to Taiwan, only direct from Xiamen to Taiwan.