Food and drink

Eating and drinking can be the greatest pleasure of a journey, as well as the greatest risk. While some travellers want to stick to familiar food, for comfort, health and ethics, others are more adventurous.

Retail food
"One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well."

- Virginia Woolf


 * See Legacy food markets for food retailers with legacy, fame or range beyond the usual.

Buying food to cook is usually the cheapest way to get fed. Without cooking opportunities, choices are however limited to ready-made food. In some countries or types of stores there is at least one on-site restaurant, often a rather informal one with affordable prices. Of course no US-style shopping mall would be complete without a fast food "food court".

A supermarket is the most common food retailer in high-income countries. Some provide a microwave oven or other means to heat food. A convenience store is a smaller shop implied to have late opening hours.

A delicatessen or deli is a retailer which is usually specialized in high-end goods such as cheese, meat, seafood, confectioneries, or other specialities such as organic or ethnic food. A market hall or food hall is a large indoor food retailer for wholesale and private customers. They are common in European and Japanese cities, many of them with a legacy to the 19th or early 20th century. In Japan, these are typically located in the basements of department stores. They often consist of deli stands with personal service. While usually more expensive than a supermarket, shopping here could be an experience in its own right. There is usually a food court on site.

An outdoor market is a casual food retailer. A farmers' market sells local produce. A wet market is a type of food market common in Asia, which usually sells both vegetables and meat, sometimes with live animals on site. See agritourism.

If you will have access to a kitchen, then you can cook some or all of your meals. Consider the equipment available to you when you plan a menu. Do you have an oven, and is it working? Which kinds of pans and utensils are available? It's best to plan a menu, so that you can think through the things you want to eat as well as how well you'll use up the ingredients you buy or bring. Dinner can provide leftovers for an omelet or frittata, or be turned into a green salad or sandwich wrap the next day. When you shop, look for bulk bins that will allow you to buy just the amount of rice or nuts that you need, or a vegetable stand that will sell you two potatoes rather than a bagful.

Some common foods are available all over the world. You can expect to be able to buy rice, pasta, onions, tomatoes, and even Parmesan cheese in almost any city. If you're traveling to a different country, familiar brand-name processed foods and your favorite spices, including American chili powder, French herbes de Provence, and Indian garam masala mix, may not be readily available or may be different from what you expect.

If you love cooking, consider bringing a good (sharp) knife and a few favorite spices, as even a "fully stocked" kitchen might not have these. It's cheaper to pack a portion or two of your favorite dried spices than to buy a whole container of each upon arrival. Small amounts can be carried in pillboxes or tiny jars, or sealed in small plastic bags.

Camping food
Travellers might want to carry food with them, for outdoor life and wilderness backpacking, or a casual stroll to the park. For long expeditions, travellers usually need to minimize weight and avoid excessive bulk, choosing high-energy foodstuffs with a long shelf life. In general, travellers have most use for food which is ready to eat, without cutlery. Many of these foodstuffs are considered liquids or gels, and might be confiscated at airport security.

Outdoor cooking requires more equipment to carry, but can provide a great experience.


 * Cereal, as a dry food, is non-perishable, making it a must-have on your camping food list. Porridge oats work similarly.
 * Fruit contains sugar and fibre. Fresh fruit also provides water, but is bulky and perishable. Dried fruit is preferred on long journeys.
 * Biscuits and cookies are a good source of food energy. Shelf life can vary from a few days to over a year.
 * Coffee and tea provide heat in cold weather.
 * Non-perishable food that does not need refrigerating is a good idea on trips to next to impossible destinations. Sauerkraut for instance is one of the few major sources of vitamin C that could be stored on long ship voyages prior to the advent of refrigeration.
 * Bread can last a relatively long time and is a versatile food. However it is relatively bulky, softer breads can squash if not packed in a box, and it can become mouldy in a few days in some storage conditions. Consider oatcakes, crispbreads or crackers as an alternative.

Eating in vehicles
Long vehicle routes can't always stop when you're hungry. What's allowed on a commercial service varies significantly by type of transport and route. While eating is prohibited on some buses and hired vehicles, an ocean liner can provide luxury dining difficult to find on land. Trains often have dining cars serving food that runs the gamut in both price and quality. Airlines generally permit eating and drinking onboard, and on most flights some food or drink (on very short ones, perhaps just water) is available from cabin crew, either included in the ticket price or at extra cost.

Bringing food along can cut your costs and make it easier to manage allergies and other special dietary needs. If you are packing food and drinks to take on the road, consider factors such as the hassle of serving it, how much space you have in your luggage, how long it will last, and how long it needs to last you. A bottle of water can be useful for washing hands even if you want to drink something else. Sandwiches or a bag of bread, cheese, and fruit may work well for a day-long trip. With a little prep work to wash the fruit and cut food into manageable portions, these hand-held foods work just as well while the vehicle is moving as it does if you have the chance to stop and admire the scenery while eating a roadside picnic. If you are driving somewhere but expect to be able to stop at regular mealtimes, a package of crackers or granola-type oat bars might be enough to stave off an untimely hunger pang (or a riot by your passengers). For larger car trips, or if several children are in tow, consider packing an insulated cooler, so that drinks and food can be kept cool.

On mass transit, in addition to following the carrier's rules, it is a good idea to consider the potential for annoying other passengers, who might not appreciate the aroma of your favorite treats. Similarly, there might not be a rule against drippy sauces or messy foods, but when you hit an air pocket or a pothole, you might regret the tomato soup.

Restaurants
"Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are."

- Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin

Restaurants around the world have very different customs for ordering, eating and paying, and you should read the eat section for the country you visit. Tipping varies a lot between countries.

In some countries, a cover charge is normal and expected; especially at venues which provide live music or other entertainment. This is an extra fee per person added to the bill: in a sense, the amount you pay just to sit down. In some cases it is said to cover freebies like bread or tea if the restaurant provides those to everyone without having to order them.

A challenge for travellers is to find suitable opening hours. Dining times, and the variety of meals offered at different hours, vary according to local custom; restaurants in the Nordic countries might take the last order at 20:00 in a weekday; at the same time a restaurant in Italy would have just opened.

An international chain restaurant, or a hotel restaurant, might be a convenient choice for a traveller who is not in the mood for a surprise. However, they usually charge more than local restaurants (much more in low-income countries) and you miss out on the experience of local food.

Look for a restaurant frequented by locals: if a restaurant is busy with lots of local customers, the food is probably tasty and authentic. A restaurant that's empty at peak hours or only patronized by tourists should usually be avoided—it's probably either not tasty, not sanitary, or not worth the money. Along the highway, look for a restaurant with trucks in the parking lot; these guys can be assumed to know the good places. When it comes to ethnic minority restaurants, staff and guests from that specific ethnicity could be a quality sign. In countries where foodborne illness is a concern, restaurants and items with higher turnover generally are safer than those that might have sat around for days. For that reason, many prefer restaurants with a short menu over those with a long one - this might also indicate that the restaurant has specialized in a few dishes but is really good at them.

If you are short on time, choose fast food, street food or a buffet. Fine dining can be assumed to take a few hours.

Street food
Street food is still common in many developing countries, and can also be found in some cities in the developed world like New York City. Where available, these are often the cheapest option, but don't expect any ambience, or to sit around and chat. However, just because it is cheap does not necessarily mean it is bad. Particularly in Southeast Asia, street food can often be much more flavourful that the stuff served at your hotel and tourist restaurants.

Talk
If you venture from touristed restaurants and hotel shops, finding food might create a language barrier. Even if the staff might speak your language, finding out the ingredients of products might be a hassle.

In countries where English is not widely spoken, a restaurant with English-speaking waiters or multilingual menus can be a red flag, as it often indicates that the restaurant is a tourist trap. You can often get better and cheaper food by finding eateries that are patronized by the locals, but the downside is that waiters would usually not speak English in such places. Therefore, if you can, you should invest the time to learn at least the basics of the language of your destination, as this would often open up more and better options to you.

Other tips
Be wary of places that advertise prominently in tourist areas, or use aggressive touting tactics. This is usually a sign that the food is overpriced and substandard. Remember that the reputations of good restaurants and street stalls tend to spread among locals by word of mouth, and generally do not require aggressive sales tactics for good business.

Yelp and Tripadvisor are generally reliable for restaurant reviews in English-speaking counties, but in many countries where English is not the main language, they can be unreliable as locals do not post there. Some countries have their own local restaurant review directories that are generally reliable for seeking out good places to eat, with the obvious caveat that they are posted in the local language.

Stay healthy
Food poisoning and diarrhea are major concerns. Food should also be kept safe from pests.

Long-term and frequent travellers have an additional problem to contend with: all the wonderful and frequently rich foods you encounter on the road, plus the tendency to eat too much when you're tired or jetlagged, or just one more special treat, can add up to extra health problems.

Stay safe
See also Common scams.

Taboo food
Most cultures have food-related taboos, often connected to religion and spirituality. They are often deeply held and may vary drastically from country to country, region to region or even person to person. Horse meat for one is a prized delicacy in parts of France and (traditionally) in the Rhineland, whereas many people in an area as close as Southern Germany are disgusted at the thought. With very few exceptions these taboos relate to meat and animal products, so tread with caution.

Though taboos are very differently motivated, there are two main categories: while some foodstuffs are considered to be unclean, other organisms are perceived to be inviolable, since they possess a soul or a personality. Unclean food can be associated with disease and disgust, such as meat from scavenging animals (pigs in Islam and Judaism, rats in the Western world, etc). Among inviolable animals are cattle in Hinduism, cats and dogs in many Western countries, and horses in many communities with traditions of horse riding. Even some vegetables are believed to possess a soul; Jains reject onions for this reason.

Rendered taboo ingredients are a grey zone. While Muslims might reject pork-based gelatin, many people who would never eat a serving of insects indulge in sweets with shellac or carmine, which are derived from bugs.

Combinations of foodstuffs can be taboo; for example, kashrut does not allow kosher-observant Jews to mix or even use the same set of dishes, pots or utensils for foods classified as "dairy" and "meat", so observant Jews typically have double sets of dishes, and kosher kitchens have two separate sinks for meat and dairy. Passover observance requires an entirely separate set of kosher l'Pesach (kosher for Passover) dishes; this is sometimes accomplished by using disposable paper plates and plastic cutlery.

Manners
Table etiquette differs a lot between countries. In parts of Africa and Asia, people designate one hand (usually the right) for eating, while the other hand is used at the toilet. Behaviour such as burping or slurping might be common at a fine diner in one country, but very impolite in another.

Most Europeans, as well as people from majority-European-diaspora cultures such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, regard eating with a fork and knife to be a cornerstone of good table manners. In the modern European style, the fork is always held in the left hand, and the knife in the right hand. The American custom, which still follows the original European style, is to eat with the fork in the right hand. The American style is commonly accepted outside of Europe. If the food requires you to use a knife, then you hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right, and cut off one bite. Put down the knife and transfer the fork to the right hand to scoop up the bite of food. Do not cut up all the food on your plate before eating; no matter where you are in the world, this is only done to accommodate diners who are unable to use a knife, such as toddlers.

In most European and European-diaspora cultures, it is also rude to rest your elbows on the dining table; be sure to only rest your wrists. In France in particular, your hands must be kept visible, as if to show off your rings; in the UK and the US, your hands may rest modestly in your lap when you are not eating.

Chopsticks have been used as an eating utensil in China since at least 2,000 years ago, and subsequently spread to neighbouring Japan, Korea and Vietnam due to Chinese cultural influences. Etiquette varies somewhat from country to country, but it is generally considered rude to play with your chopsticks, and absolutely taboo to stick your chopsticks vertically into a bowl of rice as this is only done while honouring the dead.

Specific topics
A number of travel topics are available related to food.


 * Animal ethics
 * Tobacco
 * Fine dining

Food-related tourism

 * Agritourism
 * Food tours

Activities

 * Fishing
 * Foraging
 * Hunting

Products

 * Bread and confectionery
 * Cheese
 * Chocolate
 * Coca
 * Fruits and vegetables
 * Herbs and spices
 * Ice cream
 * Meat
 * Seafood

Beverages

 * Alcoholic beverages
 * Beer
 * Beer in Ontario
 * Whiskey
 * Wine
 * Wine regions of Ontario
 * German beer and wine
 * Coffee
 * Soft drinks
 * Tea
 * Bubble tea in Taiwan
 * Water

Diets

 * Kashrut
 * Travel as a vegetarian
 * Travelling on a low-carbohydrate diet

International

 * Street food
 * Overseas Chinese cuisine
 * Western food in Asia

Asian-Pacific cuisines

 * Australian cuisine
 * Burmese cuisine
 * Cambodian cuisine
 * Chinese cuisine, which covers mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan
 * Filipino cuisine
 * Indonesian cuisine
 * Japanese cuisine
 * Korean cuisine
 * Cuisine of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei
 * Middle Eastern cuisine
 * South Asian cuisine
 * Thai cuisine
 * Vietnamese cuisine

African cuisines

 * North African cuisine


 * Nigerian cuisine

American cuisines

 * American cuisine
 * Chain restaurants in the United States and Canada
 * Fast food in the United States and Canada
 * Pizza in the United States and Canada
 * Argentine cuisine
 * Brazilian cuisine
 * Mexican cuisine

European cuisines

 * British and Irish cuisine
 * Finnish cuisine
 * French cuisine
 * German cuisine
 * Bavarian cuisine
 * Franconian cuisine
 * Georgian cuisine
 * Greek cuisine
 * Italian cuisine
 * Nordic cuisine
 * Finnish cuisine
 * Portuguese cuisine
 * Russian cuisine
 * Spanish cuisine