East Asia


 * "Far East" redirects here. It should not be confused with Russian Far East.

East Asia was the cradle of ancient civilizations such as Imperial China, ancient Korea, ancient Japan, and the Mongol Empire, and is today home to 1.6 billion people. Sometimes described by the Eurocentric term Far East, the region contains world metropolises such as Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, elaborate temples and complex traditions, as well as vast plains and high mountains.

Countries and regions

 * The Russian Far East is part of East Asia, but is also part of Russia and covered on Wikivoyage as such.
 * While Vietnam has a cultural connection with East Asia, it is usually considered part of Southeast Asia.
 * While Wikivoyage classifies Mongolia as part of East Asia, it has important cultural and historical ties to Central Asia.

Cities

 * — surviving five dynasties, the Communist Revolution and the Cultural Revolution, over 800 years of ancient cultural sites can be found throughout this very modern city
 * — Cantonese-Chinese port city with a long British heritage crowned by Victoria Peak
 * — ancient capital of Japan, considered the cultural heart of the country, with many ancient Buddhist temples and gardens
 * — dominated by some of the most dystopian communist architecture
 * — the main business center in China; an ultramodern, cosmopolitan metropolis on the cutting edge of a new world
 * — beautiful palaces, great food and a hopping nightlife, Seoul is a frenetic way to experience the Asia of old and new
 * — center of government, commerce and culture of Taiwan
 * — a huge, wealthy and fascinating urban jungle with high-tech visions of the future, side by side with glimpses of old Japan
 * — Mongolia's capital and the starting point for most travel in Mongolia

Other destinations

 * - home to Mongolia's eagle hunters and highest mountain.
 * — longer than 8,000 km, this ancient wall is the most iconic landmark and an archeological wonder of China
 * — iconic snow-topped volcano, and highest peak in Japan (3776 m)
 * — the only tourist site in the world where the Cold War is still reality
 * — South Korea's most renowned national park and mountain range
 * — incredible place for hiking in East Asia
 * — mysterious place in the Himalayas with a unique local culture, considered by many to resemble the mythical Shangri-La

Understand
East Asia, also popularly known as "the Far East" (especially when compared with the other "East", the Middle East) is the core of what used to be known in the West as The Orient, supposedly a mysterious land inhabited by a race of inscrutable tea-sipping Orientals. Behind the caricature, though, is a uniting factor in the form of Chinese influence: China, as by far the largest and, historically, the most technologically and societally advanced culture in the region, has given its writing system (Chinese characters), religion (Mahayana Buddhism) and philosophy (Confucianism) to all the countries in East Asia.

However, underneath these superficial similarities lie a vast range of differences. The geography alone covers the gamut, from the arid steppes of Mongolia and the vast deserts of northwestern China to the lush rice paddies of south central China and the beaches of the subtropical islands of Okinawa. The upheaval of the past centuries has also led the countries of the region along strikingly different paths, with the hyper-modern skyscrapers and consumerist culture of Japan having little if anything in common with the Stalinist austerity of North Korea or traditional nomadic lifestyles of many Mongolians.

Despite the unifying factor of Chinese influence, scratch below the surface and you will find a wide range of cultural differences. Even within the "Han Chinese" community, the local customs, traditional architecture and cuisine vary widely from region to region, and people native to one region may find certain customs from other regions entirely foreign. In addition, many regions of China have their respective ethnic minorities with their own local customs. While the traditional cultures of Korea and Japan have obvious Chinese influences, they are emphatically not Chinese.

There are cross-cultural influences evident throughout the region, including Tibetan Buddhism reflected in Mongolia.

History
East Asia was one of the cradles of world civilisation, with China developing its first civilisations at about the same time as Egypt, Babylonia and India. China stood out as a leading civilisation for thousands of years, building great cities and developing various technologies which were to be unmatched in the West until centuries later. The Han and Tang dynasties in particular are regarded as the golden ages of Chinese civilisation, during which China was not only strong militarily, but also saw the arts and sciences flourish. While the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan conquered China, the invaders were assimilated into Chinese culture and became the Yuan dynasty (it was thanks to Kublai Khan that the Chinese capital was moved to Beijing from locations further south). It was also during these periods that China exported much of its culture to its neighbors, and till this day, one can notice Chinese influences in the traditional cultures of Vietnam, Korea and Japan.



Mongolia (both Outer and Inner) and the province of Xinjiang were historically home to non-Han Chinese peoples (usually from Mongolic or Turkic ethnic groups) who lived nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Before the unification of the Mongols by Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in the early 1200s, these people usually fought amongst themselves (with which the Chinese court was perfectly content) and occasionally raided deep into Chinese territories (with which the Chinese court was not content). The Great Wall was constructed as a deterrent to the nomads who wished to raid China; it was for the most part a failure at its goal. These nomads and Imperial China had a symbiotic relationship: the Chinese would give silk, iron, and princesses as "insurance" against future raids by the nomads, while the nomads would give promises not to raid and also — importantly — good horses.

Culturally, Xinjiang shares more with its Turkic neighbors to the west in Central Asia than it does with the Han Chinese heartland, although there is a growing population of Han Chinese in the province today. Historically, this region has vacillated between a full part of China and fully independent states, the most famous and powerful of which was the Uighur Khaghanate (744–840 CE), which was a sedentary Turkic state (not necessarily related to modern Uyghurs), which helped spread Buddhism into China and provided the court officials and scribes to the later Mongol Empire.

For most of history, Tibet existed relatively independent of China, and Tibetan culture to this day remains distinct from the rest of the cultures in China. The overwhelming majority of Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, which is distinct from other forms of Buddhism practiced in East Asia.

Chinese dominance in the region was to end during the 19th century, when Western powers arrived and forced the various East Asian states to sign unequal treaties. This development started with the First Opium War in 1841, when China lost to the British and was forced to cede Hong Kong and Weihai to Britain. Meanwhile, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy forced Japan, which had adopted an isolationist policy for centuries, to open up to the West in the Black Ships Incident in 1853, eventually resulting in the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Japan would then rapidly modernise under the rule of Emperor Meiji, adopting Western culture and philosophies, and growing into a powerful colonial empire based on Western models, annexing Ezo, the Ryukyu Kingdom, Taiwan and Korea in the process. China, meanwhile, was slow to adapt, resulting in it losing more wars to various Western powers and its newly-industrialised neighbour, Japan. China lost Taiwan and the Liaodong peninsula to Japan, Harbin and Dalian to Russia, Zhanjiang to France, and the Shandong peninsula to Germany, while numerous foreign nations obtained concessions in various Chinese cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Hankou, Guangzhou and Xiamen. China also lost control of its tributaries, with Vietnam being annexed by the French, and Korea and the Ryukyu Islands being annexed by the Japanese. All this would eventually lead to the collapse of the millennia-old imperial system in China, with the Republic of China being founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912.

World War II was to have disastrous consequences on East Asia, as Japan's drive to modernise turned into a drive to colonise its neighbours. The war brought great suffering to many, and destroyed much of East Asia's infrastructure. Japan was also not spared; much of its territory was destroyed by American carpet bombing, and the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bomb attacks. Japan's defeat after World War II forced it to give up its colonies, with Taiwan being returned to China, and Korea regaining its independence. However, the end of the war was anything but peaceful. The Chinese Civil War continued, which resulted in victory for the Communists, led by Mao Zedong, in 1949, giving them control of much of the mainland, and the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-Shek, forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan and several offshore islands of Fujian. Korea was split after World War II, with Kim Il-Sung establishing a communist regime in the north with the support of the Soviet Union, and Syngman Rhee establishing a capitalist regime in the south with the support of the United States. The Korean War began when Kim Il-Sung attacked the south. The fighting lasted for 3 years, had disastrous consequences, and ended with neither side making any significant territorial gains. North Korea and the United States signed an armistice in 1953, which ended the armed conflict – but no peace treaty was ever signed and the two Koreas remain officially at war with each other to this day.

Despite decades of turmoil, East Asia has begun to grow into one of the most prosperous and technologically advanced regions in the world. Japan was the first to rise from the ashes of World War II, rapidly modernising in the 1950s–1960s and eventually conquering the world's marketplaces with its automobiles and advanced consumer electronic products. becoming the world's second largest economy after the United States. This was followed by the rise of the Asian Tigers, which included South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong, who overcame war and poverty to achieve unprecedented growth rates during the 1970s–1980s, earning their places among the world's richest economies. Today, South Korea and Taiwan are among the world leaders in consumer technology, while Hong Kong remains a leading financial center of the world.



More changes were to come at the end of the 20th century. The death of Mao Zedong resulted in the end of the disastrous Cultural Revolution. After a brief power struggle with Mao's anointed successor, Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping emerged victorious and abandoned a hardline Communist policy to introduce market-oriented reforms, which have rapidly transformed China into one of the world's major economic powerhouses and lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. China overtook Japan as the world's second largest economy in 2009. In the 1990s, the British and Portuguese colonies of Hong Kong and Macau respectively were returned to Chinese rule (albeit under special administration status). While the larger cities near the coast like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have grown to become rich and modern, much of the country still suffers from poverty, and China's former leader Hu Jintao pledged to modernize the more inland parts of the country. Whether or not China can rise from the ashes to achieve its past glories remains to be seen. Pretty much the only exception to East Asia's economic success is North Korea, which has refused market-oriented reforms and retains its hardline Stalinist policy.

Talk


Japanese, Korean and Mongolian are distinct languages, dominant in their respective countries. Japanese and Korean are not related to Chinese, but both languages have many Chinese loan words due to the long history of Chinese cultural dominance in the region.

The situation in China is more complicated, with Mandarin being the official language and lingua franca, and many mutually unintelligible dialects such as Cantonese and Minnan. Extensive travel in China will be very much helped by learning some phrases of Mandarin, since almost every non-elderly person will understand at least the basics of that language. Learning another dialect, although appreciated, will not be of much use outside of its immediate area. Bear in mind that the tonal aspect of each Chinese dialect is also difficult to master. In addition, China is home to many ethnic minorities who speak languages unrelated to Chinese.

Taiwan also uses Mandarin as its lingua franca, although most people speak other Chinese dialects or unrelated languages as their mother tongues. Cantonese is the main language in Hong Kong and Macau, but Mandarin has been compulsory in all government schools since their respective handovers back to China. However, in Hong Kong, the use of Mandarin is a touchy political issue, and most locals are more proficient in English than in Mandarin.

In addition to spoken Mandarin being useful in many locations, written Chinese is more or less the same across the language varieties, and Chinese characters were the basis of the Japanese scripts and formerly used for Korean (some of them can occasionally still be seen in South Korea). Thus one may be able to get a written message across even without any common language – the characters represent meanings that can be understood by people who do not understand each other's pronunciation. Still, the meaning of the words have often drifted apart slightly or not so slightly: the characters 手紙, literally "hand paper", mean "letter" to the Japanese, while they would be taken as "toilet paper" in China.

An obstacle for the Chinese student is that Mainland China and Singapore use simplified characters (introduced for the communist literacy campaigns), while traditional characters are used elsewhere. The Japanese kanji are more or less the same as a subset of the traditional Chinese characters, but have undergone some simplifications, albeit often differently from the simplifications in China.

English remains a useful language for a traveler, although with the exception of the former British colony of Hong Kong, it is generally rare to encounter locals who are conversant in English. It is taught in school in all countries and many people have a much easier time reading and writing English than speaking it. This is mainly due to locals' fears of making mistakes or not "knowing enough", rather than a true inability to understand the language. Due to heavy American influences in Japan and South Korea since the end of World War II, the Japanese and (South) Korean words for most modern concepts are derived from American English. North Korean rejects English loan words for obvious reasons.

Russian is often spoken as a second language in Mongolia, due to Mongolia's close history with the Soviet Union.

Get in
Each country has its own visa requirements, but citizens of most Western countries do not need a visa to visit Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau and Mongolia. Most Western visitors will need to obtain a visa in advance to visit mainland China and North Korea, the latter of which is only possible to visit on a guided tour.

By plane
The main intercontinental gateways to East Asia are Hong Kong, Tokyo ( & ; for all airports), Seoul , Shanghai , Beijing ( & ;  for all airports), Guangzhou  and Taipei. However, there are also many other cities with connections to other parts of Asia, which can be convenient entry points for certain travelers. Transferring through mainland China, though increasingly an option in terms of flights, is painful and time-consuming (you may also require visas) and best avoided. If arriving from Europe, transiting via Bangkok or Singapore Changi in Southeast Asia may prove cheaper than a direct flight. The Gulf trio of Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways also often offer competitive prices for passengers coming from Europe, Africa or the Americas, if you are willing to detour via their respective hubs in Dubai, Doha and Abu Dhabi.

By train
The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Russia to Mongolia and China, and China is linked to Vietnam with the jointly-operated Nanning to Hanoi route. Another increasingly popular alternative is going via Central Asia and take the twice weekly service between Almaty in Kazakhstan and Urumqi in China, a journey of around 31 hours dubbed the "new silk route". There is a rail link from Russia (Khasan) into North Korea (Tumangang), with regular trains running from Moscow to Pyongyang. A train from Vientiane, Laos to Kunming, China was inaugurated in 2023.

By bus
The Karakoram Highway, which connects Pakistan to China, is the highest border crossing in the world. The Irkeshtam Pass and Torugart Pass connect Kyrgyzstan with China via the ancient Silk Road.

By boat
Cruise ships operate between Southeast Asia and East Asia, with several sailings from Singapore to Hong Kong, and occasionally even as far afield as Yokohama.

Get around
Travelling in North Korea is only possible as part of a state-sanctioned guided tour, and any form of independent travel is generally banned for visitors, who will be watched closely and placed under heavy restrictions. Other countries in East Asia present many options to travellers for travelling around and between them, though transportation infrastructure ranges from very convenient and well-developed in Japan and South Korea to somewhat outdated and lacking in Mongolia.

If you need a visa, keep in mind that Chinese embassies and consulates only issue visas to citizens and legal residents of their host country. If you wish to visit China, make sure you apply for your visa in your country of citizenship or residence before you set off on your trip. The Chinese embassies and consulates in the neighbouring countries will not issue you a visa if you are only visiting the host country as a tourist.

By plane
Plane travel is the fastest way to travel between countries in East Asia, as well as long distances within them. Plane travel within China tends to be cheap by Western standards, although there is some governmental price regulation to keep the prices from being too low. Most flights include meals, which can range from boxes with assorted snacks to steaming hot meals. Vegetarian, halal or kosher meals are usually not available at short notice, but may be available if you make arrangements with the airline well in advance. To be safe, check with the airline or your travel agent before you book your flights. Delays are common in some places (like China), sometimes by several hours.

Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai and Taipei each have two main airports; one close to the city centre for domestic flights and some short range international flights, and one far from the city for most international flights, while Tokyo and Beijing have two major international airports. Transferring between airpors can take up to two hours or more, depending on traffic conditions, so make sure you give yourself ample time to make any transfers.

By train
Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have extensive and modern train networks, but for reasons of geography and politics none of them connect to other countries. China also has an extensive network which is the main mode of long distance travel domestically. International services are available from China into North Korea and Mongolia, and there is also a rail link from mainland China into the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. Mongolia's railway network is restricted to a single line that passes through Ulaanbaatar on the way from Moscow to Beijing. North Korea's network, while relatively extensive, has outdated infrastructure and its use by tourists is generally forbidden, the exception being the line from Pyongyang to Beijing via Sinuiju. Although the railway networks between North and South Korea are physically connected, the political situation means that cross-border trains do not operate, and will likely not do so for the forseeable future.

Japan has a well-developed high-speed rail network known as the Shinkansen, which covers most of the country except Shikoku and Okinawa. While Shinkansen are fast, clean safe and reliable, you will pay relatively high prices, even compared to similar trains in Europe. South Korea and Taiwan also have high-speed networks, known as the Korea Train Express (KTX) and the Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) respectively, with high-speed services along the main business corridors between Seoul and Busan in South Korea and between Taipei and Kaohsiung in Taiwan. China's high-speed rail network, known as China Railway High-speed (CRH), is the longest in the world, with connections between all the major cities, and an "international" link to Hong Kong. Where high speed rail exists, it is usually the fastest mode of transport over short to middle ranges and often (though not always) more cost-effective than flying. Extremely long services without change of trains are only available in China, where some high speed trains have sleepers, but they are not as fast as flights.

By bus
Bus travel is a popular cheaper option in East Asia, though in general somewhat slower than taking the trains, with many long distance bus routes connecting most cities domestically.

By car
Domestic travel by car is possible, though with the exception of Japan, and Hong Kong, driving habits and road courtesy are not up to the standards of the West which varies from annoying to outright reckless. Roads are generally well maintained, though snow can be a problem in the winter in the northern parts of Japan and China, with expressways often having to close due to heavy snow.

Those with no experience driving in big cities should generally avoid doing so in East Asia. East Asia is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, meaning that most of the major East Asian cities are plagued with massive traffic jams, coupled with expensive to non-existent parking spaces. These, combined with reckless driving habits, mean that exploring the cities by car is not for the faint hearted. East Asian cities have some of the best public transportation networks anywhere in the world, and you should try to use that as your main mode of transport.

Renting a car is usually the best way to see the countryside and smaller towns, although driving around Asia's mega cities are not for the faint of heart, and touring the likes of Tokyo, Shanghai or Taipei in a rented car is really considered a bad idea.

Traffic drives on the left in Hong Kong, Macau and Japan, and drives on the right everywhere else in this region.

By ferry
China has a good network of ferries for its internal river network as well as internationally to Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.

South Korea has a ferry network between the mainland and its many islands, most of which do not have airports. Ferries also depart for China and Japan.

Japan also has a domestic ferry network connecting its different islands. While rail service is available between Honshu and Hokkaido, this is restricted to passenger service, and the only way to transport a car between the islands is by ferry.

See



 * China
 * Stroll through Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City in Beijing and then walk along the famous Great Wall
 * Enjoy the iconic karst scenery in and surrounding Guilin in the Guangxi Region
 * Take a boat cruise along the Yangtze River
 * Hike on the breathtaking Tibetan Plateau and enjoy the local culture in Western Sichuan and Northern Yunnan
 * Stroll the Bund with a fabulous view of the Pudong skyscraper district in Shanghai
 * Marvel at the scores of Terracotta Warriors in Xi'an
 * Visit the historical sites along the old Silk Road in the Xinjiang Uyghur Region
 * Explore the treasures of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang
 * Ascend the hill to Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet and take the long bus ride across Tibet to Mount Everest base camp


 * Hong Kong
 * Ride the tram up to Victoria Peak in Central Hong Kong
 * Take a ride across Victoria Harbour on the famous Star Ferry to Kowloon for the best skyline views
 * Climb 268 steps to the massive Tian Tan Buddha on Lantau Island


 * Japan
 * Ride the Bullet Train and stay in a capsule hotel or traditional ryokan
 * Play Pachinko, vertical pinball
 * Ride a cable car to Mount Aso, the world's largest caldera.
 * Climb Mt. Fuji or relax at the resort town of Hakone to its southeast.
 * Stroll through the manic neon world of districts like Shinjuku in Tokyo
 * See the Peace Park in Hiroshima and the Peace Museum in Nagasaki
 * Observe the probably-spewing-ash volcano in the bay of Kagoshima
 * Ski some of the best powder in the world at resorts on Hokkaido and in Northern Honshu.


 * Korea
 * Watch the Arirang Festival's Mass Games, said to be one of the most impressive performances in the world in Pyongyang, North Korea
 * Visit the DMZ, the last frontier of the Cold War in either North or South Korea


 * Macau
 * Admire centuries-old Portuguese architecture and ruins or test your luck at one of the numerous casinos of Macau


 * Mongolia
 * Witness Kazakh Eagle Hunters in action at the Golden Eagle Festival in Ölgii in Western Mongolia.
 * Wander through the ruins of the original capital of the Mongol Empire at Karakorum.
 * See (and go inside) the world's largest equestrian statue at the Chinggis Khan Statue Complex located an hour and a half to the east of Ulaanbaatar and just south of Gorkhi-Terelj National Park.


 * Taiwan
 * Ascend Taipei 101, once the world's tallest building, in Taipei
 * See the finest collection of Imperial Chinese artifacts and regalia at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

Itineraries

 * Russia to Japan via Sakhalin

Baseball
East Asia is the best place to experience baseball culture outside the Americas. The sport is hugely popular in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, with professional leagues that often draw a full house of spectators. In fact, Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) is considered by many to be the best professional league outside the United States.

Pop culture
The entertainment industry is huge in East Asia, which has caused it to develop a distinctive pop culture scene. Famous pop stars often perform at concerts which attract sell-out crowds.

Most Westerners are familiar to some extent with Japanese pop culture through video games, comics (漫画 manga) and cartoons (アニメ anime), though of course, it Japan itself you can find numerous other genres that are not as well-known in the West. The karaoke lounge was invented in Japan, but has since spread and is immensely popular throughout the region. Lounges vary from respectable to super-dodgy, with some geared for groups of friends and colleagues getting together to sing their favourite songs and socialise, and others best known for extortionately priced booze and skimpily dressed hostesses who provide sexual services.

South Korea is known for the hallyu, or Korean wave phenomenon that took much of Asia by storm at the turn of the millennium, and as of the 2020s has also spread to the West. Despite the language barrier, South Korean singers and bands regularly perform to sell-out crowds around the world, and South Korean television series and films carry a loyal following in other Asian countries. On the other hand, the pop culture scene is non-existent in North Korea, and only government propaganda is allowed to be broadcast in the mass media.

The Chinese pop culture scene may not be as well-known in the West as its Japanese and South Korean counterparts, but it is nevertheless well-developed, and worth checking out while you are visiting. Chinese pop music, films and television series are popular among overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, while Chinese period dramas also command a loyal following in Vietnam. From the 1950s to the early 2010s, Hong Kong and Taiwan were the main centres of Chinese pop culture, with most famous singers and actors originating or based in the two territories. However, the pop culture scene of mainland China has far eclipsed those of Hong Kong and Taiwan as of the 2020s, with many top singers and actors from Hong Kong and Taiwan having re-located to the mainland where they can make a lot more money. Talent shows are very popular in China, and often feature aspiring young singers being mentored by veteran superstars.

Hot Springs
For those wanting to bathe in a hot spring resort, East Asia is undoubtedly one of, if not the best places to do so. Hot springs form an integral part of the local culture in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and as such are plentiful and usually maintained to a high standard. Facilities in resorts range from basic to over the top luxury, depending on how much you are willing to pay. Hot spring resorts are also becoming more common in China, but hygiene standards can sometimes be poor in lower end resorts.

Traditional games
Perhaps one of the unifying features among East Asian countries is the strategy board game of Go (Japanese: 囲碁 igo or 碁 go, Chinese: 圍棋(traditional) / 围棋(simplified) wéiqí, Korean: 바둑 baduk). While Chinese in origin, it is also popular in Japan and Korea. China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan all have domestic tournaments for their top professional players, and there are also international tournaments for the top domestic players to compete for national glory.

China, Japan and Korea each has its own national variant of chess, which are significantly different from international chess. Chinese xiangqi (象棋) and Korean janggi (장기) share the same origins and as such, are similar to each other, though the rules of the modern games have diverged significantly. On the other hand, Japanese shogi (将棋) hardly resembles any other variant of chess known to exist.

Mahjong is a Chinese game played with tiles that is also popular in Japan, with Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and each region of China each having their own versions with differing rules. It is often associated with gambling in casual settings. There is an official competition version of mahjong that has been sanctioned by the Chinese government for national and international competitions, though this version is rarely played outside official tournaments.

Buy
Every country in East Asia, as well as the Chinese special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau issue their own currencies, which are the sole legal tender in each of their respective countries/territories. US dollars and euros are accepted at most banks and money changers, and are also widely accepted in larger department stores and major tourist attractions, though rates in those areas are usually poor. Other widely accepted currencies at banks and money changers include Swiss francs, British pounds, Australian dollars, Canadian dollars, New Zealand dollars and Singapore dollars.

Costs
Prices in Mongolia and rural China are relatively cheap, but prices are generally expensive elsewhere. Expect the cost of living to be on par with most Western countries in Japan, and only slightly cheaper in South Korea, Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong and major cities in China.

Tipping
Tipping is very rare generally in East Asia.

Eat
East Asian cuisines are extremely varied, and there is a world of difference between the cuisines of the harsh arid desert and mountainous regions, and the bountiful and fertile subtropical regions near the coasts. Japanese cuisine is probably the most celebrated internationally, and widely regarded by connoisseurs to be second only to French cuisine as the most refined cuisine in the world. Korean cuisine has also been gaining in popularity due to the popularity of Korean dramas throughout east and southeast Asia, and the large Korean diaspora in the United States. In contrast to Japanese cuisine, Korean cuisine does not emphasize subtlety, and many Korean dishes are heavily seasoned and famously spicy, with Korean barbecue perhaps being the most popular type of Korean food internationally. Chinese cuisine is the most diverse in the region due to the sheer size of the country; ingredients and taste profiles vary widely from region to region, with notably different culinary traditions in ethnic minority areas like Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. When travelling around East Asian countries, it is worth seeking out the local specialities, some of which are hard to find outside their respective areas.

Visitors from Western countries will be shocked to learn that a considerable number of foods associated with Asian cultures don't actually exist in a recognizable form in East Asia. Most Chinese food served in North America, such as crab rangoons, chop suey, Mongolian beef, and General Tso's chicken, does not exist in either mainland China, Taiwan or Hong Kong (most early Chinese immigrants to the U.S. came from Guangdong, and American Chinese food is usually based off Cantonese dishes but heavily modified to suit the American palate). American sushi has been localized to the point of being hardly recognizable to the Japanese. Other types of food associated with one culture actually came from another: for example, fortune cookies were invented in America by Japanese immigrants, and Mongolian barbecue does not exist in Mongolia and was instead invented in Taiwan by a Chinese restaurateur.

Chopsticks are the main eating utensil of East Asia. Outside of restaurants specializing in Western cuisine, forks are rarely available and knives are not to be used at the table but spoons are available for soup, and rice in some cases.

Rice is an East Asian staple, although in much of northern China and Mongolia wheat predominates.

Fried rice is another popular dish, prepared in a variety of ways in different regions. Fried rice usually has some combination of eggs, vegetables, meat, and/or seafood fried with the rice. Occasionally, some places have other varieties, such as fruit fried rice.

Noodles are readily available throughout the region, with Northern China, Korea and Japan providing many variations.

If you are interested in street food, then Taipei, Tainan, Seoul, and Hong Kong are excellent places to sample innovative and traditional delicacies.

Tokyo, Taipei and Hong Kong are generally regarded as the best cities in the region for fine dining, though Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai also have a large number of international standard restaurants. Kyoto is also well-known for being the main centre of kaiseki, a traditional Japanese form of fine dining.

Vegetarians will have differing levels of success, depending on where they travel. Generally, it is not difficult to find vegetarian restaurants in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as in the Han Chinese heartland of mainland China, but be careful about vegetable dishes in ordinary restaurants, as they may be prepared using non-vegetarian ingredients like oyster sauce and lard. In contrast, vegetarian dishes practically cease to exist in Mongolia and in Western China (Xinjiang and Tibet), since the environment makes the intensive agriculture of plants difficult. Japanese, Korean and some regional Chinese cuisines make heavy use of seafood, although nori (seaweed) is vegetarian. Vegans may have difficulty in finding dishes that don't use any animal products, as most places will use eggs or stock in their dishes, but excellent vegan food can be found at Buddhist restaurants in the Chinese cultural sphere. Buddhist vegetarian food also exists in Japan and South Korea, but it is considered to be a form of fine dining and hence, very expensive. Generally, larger cities and cities that get lots of (foreign) tourists will have at least one restaurant catering to vegetarians/vegans.

Western restaurant review websites such as Yelp and TripAdvisor are generally unreliable for East Asian countries, as locals often do not post reviews there. Instead, each area typically has its own restaurant review website. These are Tabelog for Japan, OpenRice for Hong Kong and Dianping for mainland China, the former two of which have English versions available.

Drink
Tea is the quintessential East Asian drink. Generally, green (unfermented) varieties are preferred over Western-style black tea, but the varieties available cover the entire color and taste spectrum. China, in particular, produces a wide variety of tea, ranging from green teas to black teas, and even the same type of tea comes in many different grades. Note that East Asians generally drink their tea neat, so unless you are at a shop which specifically makes milk tea, milk and sugar may not be available except in Mongolia, where milk tea is served with all meals, and Tibet, where yak butter tea is traditional.

Beer is also an important drink, especially in Northeast Asia. There are parts of Northern China where beer is drunk more widely than tea — especially in Qingdao, home to Tsingtao beer — and Kirin and Asahi beer are quite popular in Japan.

Japan is also the home of sake, commonly called rice wine though brewed similarly to beer and with a similar amount of alcohol by volume. Rice wines are also available in other parts of East Asia, perhaps most notably Korean makgeolli, which is served in many cafes and restaurants.

Liquor, such as shochu in Japan or soju in Korea, is very popular throughout most of East Asia. These drinks are ingrained in their cultures, and are an entertaining experience. Korea might be called the "Ireland of the East," given its drinking culture. Beware, however, that the most common victims of crime (what little there is) in Korea and Japan are irresponsible drinkers outside bars. China also has a tradition of drinking grain liquors known as baijiu, which often have higher proofs than European liquors such as whisky and vodka (up to 65% alcohol). Chinese baijiu comes in many different styles, some of the more common ones being erguotou and maotai. In Taiwan, the national drink is a type of baijiu known as kaoliang, which is produced on the island of Kinmen.

Legal drinking ages are 20 in Japan and 18 in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea (though note that you are regarded as one year old at birth in South Korea, counting begun years instead of completed ones).

Respect
The Chinese are Chinese, the Japanese are Japanese and the Koreans are Korean. Labeling all East Asian-looking people as a single "Asian" race is often not well-received here. Despite having cultures that are strongly-influenced by Chinese culture, the Japanese and Koreans appreciate it when visitors emphasize the unique aspects of their cultures.

When dining or visiting temples or other holy or spiritual sites, there are customs and traditions that are specific to different East Asian cultures. Look at the country pages for specific advice.

When traveling to certain areas, note the political situation. Both the PRC (Mainland China) and the ROC (Taiwan) lay claim to both Mainland China and the island of Taiwan, although for practical travel purposes they are separate countries, and there is a growing independence movement in Taiwan. Likewise, both Koreas treat each other as yet-to-be parts of each other, and will refer to each other as north Korea or south Korea (note the lowercase directions). The political status of Hong Kong vis-à-vis China can also be a touchy issue. The political status of some regions of Mainland China, especially Tibet and Xinjiang, can be a source of tension; there have been occasional reports of Chinese police dressing up as Tibetan activists to try to get unknowing tourists to 'smuggle' pro-independence materials out of China (and thus commit a crime).

Historical issues might also influence how you or your travels are received. Japanese colonial history (and the reluctance of the Japanese government to acknowledge, let alone apologize for it) has led to a certain level of Japanophobia in the Koreas and Mainland China. Usually, this is directed at the Japanese government and not at Japanese people or people who have been to Japan, but it can still color conversations. Likewise, the Korean War has resulted in strong anti-American sentiment in North Korea, and periodic anti-American sentiment has occurred in Japan and South Korea as well (although almost always tied to crimes committed by American soldiers, or planned expansions of U.S. military bases). European colonialism also left its mark on China, most evidently in the existence of Hong Kong and Macau as semi-autonomous states, but also through a slew of "unequal treaties" forced upon the Chinese government by the Europeans, Japanese, and Americans in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Cultural identity is also a sensitive issue due to history; many ethnically Chinese Hongkongers and Taiwanese, especially the youth, reject the "Chinese" identity, instead preferring to emphasize their British and Japanese colonial heritage respectively.

Stay safe
East Asia is probably one of the safest regions on the planet for travelers, at least when it comes to violent crime and is characterized by stable politics and low crime. The main exceptions are the Chinese territories of Tibet and Xinjiang, which have active independence movements and see occasional unrest, though foreigners are usually not the target of the violence. Xinjiang has a reputation for indiscriminate bombings and stabbings, but is claimed to be safer now due to the government's harsh crackdown. Be extra careful when in large crowds such as at train stations and markets. Tibet has the occasional risk of ethnic unrest. This tends not to pose much of a threat to international travellers, as foreigners are almost never targeted. The heavy police presence keeps crime low. It is standard practice to block visitor entry at the slightest hint of trouble to China's Tibetan regions or during important dates, so know before you go, or you may be turned away from buying a bus or train ticket and have to reroute your entire trip in sudden frustration.

East Asia is also known for its large organized crime syndicates like the Japanese yakuza and the Chinese triads (though these days much more active in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau than in mainland China). Members of these syndicates tend to live underground lives and rarely target people not already involved in organized crime; do not provoke them (such as by borrowing money from loan sharks and failing to repay) and they will not bother you.

Large parts of China and especially Japan and Taiwan are at significant risk from earthquakes. If you're indoors and you feel a shake, stay indoors, as running outside during a quake is the most likely way you'll be injured or killed. Extinguish gas burners and candles and beware of falling objects and toppling furniture. Shelter under furniture or a doorway if necessary. If you're outdoors, stay away from brick walls, glass panels and vending machines, and beware of falling objects, telephone cables, etc. Falling roof tiles from older and traditional buildings are particularly dangerous, as they can drop long after the quake has ended. Typhoons occur regularly during the summer months in coastal regions.

Many parts of East Asia are mountainous. Use caution when driving or trekking up in these areas. Road safety in mainland China can range from lacking in coastal regions to suicidal in western regions. General rule of thumb is: more remote the region, more reckless the driver. Buses are fairly safe during the day time but not so much at night. Sleeper buses should especially be avoided due to their tendency to self immolate, take a night train instead. Due to lack of law enforcement, self driving in mainland China is not advised. Hire a car with a driver should the need arise.

In Japan, South Korea, the northern parts of China and higher elevations in Taiwan, winters may bring heavy snows, which can shut down roads or trains (some of the only times the Japanese shinkansen, or bullet trains, have been delayed were due to snow buildup blocking passage). Places like Shirakawa-go can be isolated within minutes of a heavy snowfall, so take extra precaution when planning a trip to the Japan Alps or the Tibetan Plateau in the winter. Ulaanbaatar in the winter is the coldest capital city on the planet, and the rest of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia aren't any warmer (the average temperature on parts of the Mongolian steppe in winter is a whopping -40°C/F). If travelling during this time, take extra care to ensure your body is warm and minimize your time spent outside to 20 minutes.

Stay healthy
Healthcare systems vary widely from country to country. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong have modern and well-equipped healthcare systems, with the hygiene levels and standards of treatment in local hospitals being at least on par with Western countries. Macau also has good healthcare facilities for routine consultations, though you may need to be evacuated to Hong Kong if your case requires attention from a specialist or certain specialised medical equipment. Mainland China's healthcare system is much more of a mixed bag. While hospitals with standards of treatment mirroring that of the West exist in major cities, you will generally be paying a steep premium for their services, and the standard of local Chinese hospitals may not be up to what Western visitors are willing to put up with. Health care in North Korea is a mixed bag. Heavy investments in the sector have been made since the 1940s, but international embargoes have hampered the development since the 1990s and critical infrastructure, such as electricity supply, may fail. There are also reports on widespread corruption. You might want to be evacuated to one of the neighbouring countries should a medical emergency arise.

The air quality in the industrial cities of northern China can border range from bad to terrible to outright dangerous. People with serious respiratory problems should seriously consider not traveling there for long periods. Check PM2.5 reading before arrival. In the winter, industrial cities and mountainous cities become choked with smog, as many people still burn coal for warmth and the air gets trapped by mountains. Ulaanbaatar in particular is a city that gets dangerously smoggy between late December and early March.

Second-hand smoke is a problem in China with 320 million smokers (over 60% of the adult male population). While few locations ban smoking, second-hand smoke mainly affects travelers on hard seat carriages on slow trains and hole-in-the-wall restaurants.

Smoking in Japan and Taiwan is not as common as in Mainland China, and most places have some sort of ban on the practice (for example, with the exception of a few overnight or long-distance trains, smoking is banned on the entire Japanese high-speed rail system).