Chinese gardens

Chinese gardens (園林/园林 yuán lín) have traditionally been popular among the scholar class to study and contemplate the meaning of life, and these were often built as part of the mansions of the Chinese royalty, court officials and other rich Chinese. These began to appear outside China with waves of Chinese emigration starting in the late 19th century, though China is of course the place to be if you want to view of the most historically significant examples.

Understand
Chinese gardens are usually designed based on traditional Chinese geomancy, and to evoke contemplation of traditional Chinese philosophical concepts. This is usually done through a combination of water features and rocks to mimic natural landscapes. Chinese gardens also include traditional pavillions where the owner could entertain guests with tea, and perhaps listen to a guqin performance while contemplating philosophy.

Chinese gardens can be broadly divided into four different styles; Northern Imperial gardens built for the Emperor and his family in what is today Beijing and Hebei, Jiangnan gardens from what is today Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu, Lingnan gardens from the Pearl River Delta area of Guangdong, and Bashu gardens from what is today Sichuan and Chongqing.

Beijing
As China's capital during the most recent Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing is home to numerous imperial gardens that were used by the emperor and various other members of the royal family. One of the more notable ones in Zhongnanhai adjacent to the Forbidden City, which today is the main seat of power of the Chinese government and hence, not accessible to tourists.
 * — perhaps the most famous surviving imperial garden in China, and one of China's Four Great Gardnes a favourite retreat for Empress Dowager Cixi, who rendered two emperors puppets while she held actual power towards the end of the Qing Dynasty. Most notably, she had diverted funds intended for modernising the Chinese navy to renovating the Summer Palace instead. Today, the Summer Palace is one of Beijing's main tourist attractions, and its defining feature is a marble boat on the lake.

Chengde

 * — a favourite summer retreat of China's emperors during imperial times to escape the heat of the lowlands, and one of China's Four Great Gardens

Shanghai

 * — built during the Ming Dynasty in the traditional Jiangnan architectural style, and today one of Shanghai's main tourist attractions.

Suzhou
Suzhou is the most famous city for traditional Chinese gardens, with nine of its distinctive Jiangnan-style gardens being inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the collective name "Classical Gardens of Suzhou".
 * — the largest and best known of Suzhou's classical Chinese gardens, and one of China's Four Great Gardens
 * — one of China's Four Great Gardens

Lingnan gardens
Among the most representative examples of Lingnan gardens are what is known as the Four Famous Gardens of Guangdong, namely Keyuan Garden in Dongguan, Liang's Garden in Foshan, Yuyin Mountain Villa in the Panyu district of Guangzhou, and the Qinghui Garden in Shunde.

Chengdu

 * — said to be the residence of the famed Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu during his most creative period, set within a nice landscaped garden that has been maintained by generations of scholars. The original cottage no longer stands, having decayed over the years and a replica stands on the site today.

Chongzhou

 * — said to be the residence of the famed Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu during his most creative period, set within a nice landscaped garden that has been maintained by generations of scholars. The original cottage no longer stands, having decayed over the years and a replica stands on the site today.

Hong Kong

 * — located next to the Chi Lin Nunnery, it is built in a style reminiscent of the Tang Dynasty just like the nunnery.

Singapore

 * — designed by a Taiwanese architect, incorporating traditional Chinese architecture with features from Singapore's natural environment.

United States of America

 * — inspired by the classical gardens of Suzhou.