Chinese cuisine

The origins of Chinese cuisine can be traced back millennia. Chinese cuisine is extremely diverse with wide regional variations, and it is not uncommon for even Chinese people themselves to find the cuisine from another region to be completely foreign to them.

Understand
"Civilians are the basis of a king's governance, while food is the basis of civilian's life."

- Ban Gu

Through Imperial China, Chinese culture has influenced lands such as today's Mongolia and Vietnam. Chinese cuisine has for a long time been renowned in other Asian nations such as Korea and Japan.

In modern times, the Chinese diaspora has spread Chinese cuisine to farther-flung parts of the world. That said, much of this has been adapted to local conditions, so you will often find dishes in overseas Chinese communities that cannot be found in China, or have been heavily modified from their original Chinese versions. Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore in particular are excellent places to sample such cuisine due to the long history of the Chinese communities there and the deliciousness of traditional local ingredients and cooking methods. Conversely, returning overseas Chinese have also had an impact on the culinary scene of the motherland, perhaps most palpably in Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan.

Many cities in Western countries have a Chinatown district, and even smaller towns often have a few Chinese restaurants. These places have always had mainly Cantonese food, but other styles have become more common.

Chinese cuisine can range from simple but hearty street food to over the top fine dining using only the most exclusive ingredients, with prices to match. Hong Kong is generally regarded to be the world's main centre of Chinese fine dining, though Singapore and Taipei are no slouches either, and the mainland Chinese cities of Shanghai and Beijing are also slowly but surely catching up.

Meal times in China are on the early side as countries go – closer to U.S. meal times than European ones. Breakfast is typically between 07:00 and 09:00, and often includes things like noodles, steamed buns, congee, fried pastries, soymilk, vegetables, or dumplings. The peak time for lunch is 12:00–13:00, and dinner is often somewhere around 17:30–19:30.

Regional cuisines
Chinese cuisine varies widely depending on what part of the country you're in. The "Four Great Cuisines" (四大菜系) are Sichuan (Chuan), Shandong (Lu), Guangdong (Cantonese/Yue), and Jiangsu (Huaiyang) cuisine, and other regions have their styles as well, with notably different culinary traditions in ethnic minority areas such as Tibet and Xinjiang.

It's not hard to sample some of the regional cuisines in China even if you're far from their regions of origin—Sichuanese málà (麻辣) tingly-spicy food can be found all over, for instance, as can signs advertising Lanzhou noodles (兰州拉面, Lánzhōu lāmiàn). Similarly, although Peking duck (北京烤鸭) is ostensibly a local speciality of Beijing, it is also widely available in many Cantonese restaurants.
 * Beijing (京菜 Jīng Cài): home-style noodles and baozi (包子 bread buns), Peking Duck (北京烤鸭 Běijīng Kǎoyā), fried sauce noodles (炸酱面 zhájiàngmiàn), cabbage dishes, great pickles. Can be delicious and satisfying.
 * Imperial (宫廷菜 Gōngtíng Cài): the food of the late Qing court, made famous by the Empress Dowager Cixi, can be sampled at high-end specialized restaurants in Beijing. The cuisine combines elements of Manchu frontier food such as venison with unique exotica such as camel's paw, shark's fin and bird's nest.


 * Cantonese / Guangzhou / Hong Kong (广东菜 Guǎngdōng Cài, 粤菜 Yuè Cài): the style most Western visitors are already familiar with (albeit in localized form). Not too spicy, the emphasis is on freshly cooked ingredients and seafood. That being said, authentic Cantonese cuisine is also among the most adventurous in China in terms of variety of ingredients as the Cantonese are famous, even among the Chinese, for their extremely wide definition of what is considered edible.
 * Dim Sum (点心 diǎnxīn in Mandarin, dímsām in Cantonese), small snacks usually eaten for breakfast or lunch, are a highlight.
 * Roasted meats (烧味 shāowèi in Mandarin, sīuméi in Cantonese) are also popular in Cantonese cuisine, which includes some dishes popular in Chinatowns in the West such as roast duck (烧鸭 shāoyā in Mandarin, sīu'aap in Cantonese), soy sauce chicken (豉油鸡 chǐyóujī in Mandarin, sihyàuhgāi in Cantonese), barbecued pork (叉烧 chāshāo in Mandarin, chāsīu in Cantonese) and crispy-skin pork belly (烧肉 shāoròu in Mandarin, sīuyuhk in Cantonese).
 * Cured meats (腊味 làwèi in Mandarin, laahpméi in Cantonese) are another specialty of Cantonese cuisine, and includes Chinese sausages (腊肠 làcháng in Mandarin, laahpchéung in Cantonese), liver sausages (膶肠 rùncháng in Mandarin, yéunchéung in Cantonese) and preserved duck (腊鸭 làyā in Mandarin, laahp'aap in Cantonese). A common way of eating these is in the form of cured meat claypot rice (腊味煲仔饭 làwèi bāozǎi fàn in Mandarin, laahpméi bōujái faahn in Cantonese).
 * Congee (粥 zhōu in Mandarin, jūk in Cantonese) is also popular in Cantonese cuisine. The Cantonese style of congee involves the rice being boiled until the grains are no longer visible, and has other ingredients such as meats, seafood or offal cooked with the rice in order flavour the congee.
 * Huaiyang (淮揚菜 Huáiyáng Cài): The cuisine of Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, considered to be a good mix of northern and southern Chinese cooking styles. The most famous dish is xiaolongbao (小笼包 Xiǎolóngbāo), often called "soup dumplings" in the West. Other signature dishes include braised pork belly (红烧肉 hóng shāo ròu), sweet and sour pork ribs (糖醋排骨 táng cù pái gǔ) and wontons (馄饨 húntun). Sugar is often added to fried dishes, giving them a sweet flavor. Though Shanghainese cuisine is often considered to be the representative of this style, the cuisines of nearby cities such as Hangzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi and Nanjing have their own unique dishes and flavours and are certainly worth a try too.
 * Sichuan (川菜 Chuān Cài): Famously hot and spicy. A popular saying is that it is so spicy your mouth will go numb. However, not all dishes are made with live chilis. The numbing sensation actually comes from the Sichuan peppercorn (花椒 huājiāo). It is widely available outside Sichuan and also native to Chongqing. If you want really authentic Sichuanese food outside Sichuan or Chongqing, look for small eateries sporting the characters for Sichuan cuisine in neighborhoods with lots of migrant workers. These tend to be much cheaper and often better than the ubiquitous up-market Sichuan restaurants.
 * Hunan (湖南菜 Húnán Cài, 湘菜 Xiāng Cài): the cuisine of the Xiangjiang region, Dongting Lake and western Hunan Province. Similar, in some ways, to Sichuanese cuisine, it can actually be "spicier" in the Western sense.
 * Teochew / Chiuchow / Chaozhou (潮州菜 Cháozhōu Cài): originating from the Chaoshan area in eastern Guangdong, a unique style which nonetheless will be familiar to most Southeast Asian and Hong Kong Chinese. Famous dishes include braised duck (卤鸭 Lǔyā), yam paste dessert (芋泥 Yùní) and fishballs (鱼丸 Yúwán).
 * Rice porridge (粥 zhōu in Mandarin, 糜 muê5 in Teochew) is a comfort dish in Teochew cuisine. Unlike the Cantonese version, the Teochew version leaves the rice grains intact. Teochew porridge is usually served plain with other savory dishes on the side, though Teochew fish porridge often has the rice cooked in a fish broth and boiled with slices of fish in it.
 * Hakka / Kejia (客家菜 Kèjiā Cài): the cuisine of the Hakka people, spread around various parts of southern China. Has a focus on preserved meat and vegetables. Famous dishes include stuffed tofu (酿豆腐 niàng dòufǔ, stuffed with meat of course), stuffed bitter melon (酿苦瓜 niàng kǔguā, also stuffed with meat), pickled mustard greens pork (梅菜扣肉 méicài kòuròu), braised pork with taro (芋头扣肉 yùtóu kòuròu), chicken baked in salt (盐焗鸡 yánjújī) and ground tea (擂茶 léi chá).
 * Fujian (福建菜 Fújiàn Cài, 闽菜 Mǐn Cài): uses ingredients mostly from coastal and estuarial waterways. Fujian cuisine can be split into at least three distinct cuisines: South Fujian cuisine, Fuzhou cuisine, and West Fujian cuisine.
 * Rice porridge (粥 zhōu in Mandarin, 糜 bê in Minnan) is a popular dish in Southern Fujian. It is similar to the Teochew version, but is usually cooked with slices of sweet potato. It is also very popular in Taiwan, where it a staple breakfast dish.
 * Guizhou (贵州菜 Guìzhōu Cài, 黔菜 Qián Cài): combines elements of Sichuan and Xiang cuisine, making liberal use of spicy, peppery and sour flavors. The peculiar zhergen (折耳根 Zhē'ěrgēn), a regional root vegetable, adds an unmistakable sour-peppery flavor to many dishes. Minority dishes such as Sour Fish Hot Pot (酸汤鱼 Suān Tāng Yú) are widely enjoyed.
 * Zhejiang (浙菜 Zhè Cài): includes the foods of Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Shaoxing. A delicately seasoned, light-tasting mix of seafood and vegetables often served in soup. Sometimes lightly sweetened or sometimes sweet and sour, Zhejiang dishes frequently involve cooked meats and vegetables in combination.
 * Hainan (琼菜 Qióng Cài): famous among the Chinese, but still relatively unknown to foreigners, characterized by the heavy use of seafood and coconuts. The signature specialties are the "Four Famous Dishes of Hainan" (海南四大名菜 Hǎinán Sì Dà Míngcài): Wenchang chicken (文昌鸡 Wénchāng jī), Dongshan goat (东山羊 Dōngshān yáng), Jiaji duck (加积鸭 Jiājī yā) and Hele crab (和乐蟹 Hélè xiè). Wenchang chicken would eventually give rise to Hainanese chicken rice in Singapore and Malaysia, khao man kai (ข้าวมันไก่) in Thailand, and Cơm gà Hải Nam in Vietnam.
 * Northeast China (东北 Dōngběi) has its own style of food. It emphasizes wheat over rice and, like the Northwest, includes various breads and noodle dishes plus kebabs (串 chuàn; note how the character looks like a kebab!). The area is particularly famous for jiǎozi (饺子), a type of dumpling  similar to ravioli or perogies which was later adopted by the Japanese as gyoza. Many cities further south have jiaozi restaurants, and many of those are run by Dongbei people.

The cuisines of Hong Kong and Macau are essentially Cantonese cuisine, albeit with British and Portuguese influences respectively, while the cuisine of Taiwan is similar to that of South Fujian, albeit with Japanese influences, as well as influences from other parts of China that are a result of recipes brought over by the Nationalists who fled the mainland in 1949. That said, as many famous chefs fled mainland China for Hong Kong and Taiwan in the wake of the communist revolution, high-quality cuisine from different parts of China is available in those areas as well.

Ingredients

 * Meat, especially pork, is ubiquitous. Poultry such as duck and chicken are also popular, and there's no shortage of beef. Lamb and goat are popular with Muslims and in general in western China. If you know where to go, you can also sample more unusual meats like snake or dog.
 * Ham — While European and American hams may be better known internationally, China is also a traditional ham-producing nation, with some of its premium hams having histories that date back centuries or even millennia. Chinese hams are typically dry-cured, and often feature as a soup base, or as an ingredient in a variety of dishes. China's most celebrated ham is Jinhua ham (金華火腿 jīn huá huǒ tuǐ) from the city of Jinhua in Zhejiang province. Besides Jinhua ham, Rugao ham (如皋火腿 rú gāo huǒ tuǐ) from the Rugao in Jiangsu province, and Xuanwei ham (宣威火腿 xuān wēi huǒ tuǐ) from Xuanwei in Yunnan province round up China's "Three Great Hams". Other famous hams include Anfu ham (安福火腿 ān fú huǒ tuǐ) from Anfu in Jiangxi province, which had been featured at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915, and Nuodeng ham (诺邓火腿 nuò dèng huǒ tuǐ) from Nuodeng in Yunnan province, which is a specialty of the Bai ethnic minority.


 * Rice is the archetypical staple food, especially in southern China.
 * Noodles are also an important staple, with wheat noodles (面, miàn) more common in northern China and rice noodles (粉, fěn) more common in the south.
 * Vegetables are usually steamed, pickled, stir-fried or boiled. They're rarely eaten raw. Many have multiple names and are translated and mistranslated in various different ways, causing lots of confusion when you try to make sense of a menu. Some favorites include eggplant, pea shoots, lotus root, daikon and bamboo shoots. Gourds include calabash, bitter melon, pumpkin, cucumber, sponge gourd, and winter melon. Leafy vegetables are varied, but many are more or less unfamiliar to English-speakers and may be translated as some kind of cabbage, lettuce, spinach, or greens. Thus you'll find Chinese cabbage, long-leaf lettuce, water spinach, and sweet potato greens, to name a few.
 * Mushrooms – lots of different kinds, from rubbery black "wood ear" to chewy white "golden needle mushrooms".
 * Tofu in China isn't just a substitute for vegetarians, but instead simply another kind of food, often served mixed with vegetables, meat, or eggs. It comes in lots of different forms, many of which will be totally unrecognizable if you're just used to the rectangular white blocks that are available internationally.

Soy sauce (酱油 jiàngyóu) is commonly used in Chinese cuisine, both as a dipping condiment and as a seasoning. There are many different grades of soy sauce, though it is most commonly divided into dark and light soy sauce. Oyster sauce (蚝油 háo yóu) is another commonly-used sauce, especially in Cantonese cuisine, though unlike soy sauce it is rarely used as a dipping condiment and used almost exclusively as a cooking ingredient. In coastal Fujian and the Chaoshan region of Guangdong, fish sauce (鱼露 yúlù) is common.

Certain Chinese dishes contain ingredients some people may prefer to avoid, such as dog, cat, snake or endangered species. However, it is very unlikely that you will order these dishes by mistake. Dog and snake are usually served in specialty restaurants which do not hide their ingredients. Obviously, products made from endangered ingredients will have astronomical prices and would not be listed on the regular menu anyway. The cities of Shenzhen and Zhuhai have banned the eating of cat and dog meat, and this ban is planned to be extended nationwide. Also per the view of traditional Chinese medicine, eating too much dog, cat or snake is said to result in adverse effects, and thus they are not eaten frequently by Chinese.

Broadly speaking, rice is the main staple in the south, while wheat, mostly in the form of noodles, is the main staple in the north. These staples are ever-present, and you may find that you don't spend a single day in China without eating rice, noodles, or both.

Bread is hardly ubiquitous by comparison with European countries, but there is a lot of good flatbread in northern China, and bāozi (包子) (Cantonese: bao)—steamed buns stuffed with sweet or savory filling—are integral to Cantonese dim sum and popular elsewhere in the country as well. Buns without fillings are known as mántou (馒头/饅頭), and are a popular breakfast dish in northern China; these can be served either steamed or deep fried. Tibetan and Uyghur cuisines heavily feature flatbread that is similar to those in northern India and the Middle East.

Except in some ethnic minority areas like Yunnan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, dairy products are not common in traditional Chinese cuisine. With globalization, dairy products are being incorporated into a few foods in the rest of the country, so you might see baozi stuffed with custard, for instance, but these remain exceptions. Dairy products also feature somewhat more commonly in the cuisines of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan than those of mainland China due to stronger Western influences.

One reason dairy products are not common is that a majority of Chinese adults are lactose intolerant; they lack an enzyme required to digest lactose (milk sugar), so it gets digested by intestinal bacteria instead, producing gas. A large dose of dairy products can therefore cause considerable pain and a lot of embarrassment. This condition occurs in less than 10% of northern Europeans, but over 90% of the population in parts of Africa. China is somewhere in between, and there is regional and ethnic variation in the rates. Yoghurt is quite common in China; it does not produce the problem since the bacteria in it have already broken down the lactose. In general yoghurt is easier to find than milk, and cheese is an expensive luxury item.

Dishes
You'll find all kinds of meat, vegetable, tofu, and noodle dishes in China. Here are a few well-known, distinctive dishes:
 * Buddha jumps over the wall (佛跳墙, fótiàoqiáng) – an expensive Fuzhounese soup made from shark fin (鱼翅, yúchì), abalone and many other non-vegetarian premium ingredients. According to legend, the smell was so good that a Buddhist monk forgot his vegetarian vows and leaped over the temple wall to have some. Typically needs to be ordered a few days in advance due to the long preparation time.
 * Guōbāoròu (锅包肉) – sweet and sour battered pork from Northeast China.
 * Chicken feet (鸡爪, jī zhuǎ) – cooked lots of different ways, many in China consider them the tastiest part of the chicken. Known as phoenix claws (凤爪 fuhng jáau in Cantonese, fèng zhuǎ in Mandarin) in Cantonese-speaking areas, where it is a popular dim sum dish and most commonly made with black bean sauce.
 * Mapo tofu (麻婆豆腐, mápó dòufu) – a Sichuanese tofu and ground pork dish that is very spicy and has classic Sichuan málà tingly/numbing spiciness.
 * Peking duck (北京烤鸭, Běijīng kǎoyā) – roast duck, the most famous dish characteristic of Beijing.
 * Stinky tofu (臭豆腐, chòu dòufu) – just what it sounds like. Several different regions have different types, though the most famous is Changsha-style, made in rectangular blocks that are blackened on the outside. Other prominent styles of the dish include Shaoxing-style and Nanjing-style. It is also a very popular street dish in Taiwan, where it is available in various different styles. It is available at night markets in Hong Kong, too.
 * Stuffed tofu (酿豆腐, niàng dòufu in Mandarin, ngiong4 têu4 fu4 in Hakka) – a Hakka dish, fried tofu stuffed with meat, known as yong tau foo in Southeast Asia, albeit often heavily modified from the original.
 * Xiǎolóngbāo (小笼包) – small soup-filled dumplings from Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
 * Sweet and sour pork (咕噜肉 gūlūròu in Mandarin, gūlōuyuhk in Cantonese) – a Cantonese dish, invented to suit the palates of the Europeans and Americans based in Guangdong during the 19th century. One of the most popular Chinese dishes in English-speaking countries.
 * Hot and sour soup (酸辣汤 suānlà tāng) – a thick, starchy soup that is made spicy with red peppers and sour with vinegar. A specialty of Sichuan cuisine.
 * Oyster omelette (海蛎煎 hǎilì jiān or 蚝煎 háo jiān) — a dish made of eggs, fresh oysters and sweet potato starch, originating in South Fujian and Chaoshan, albeit with different variations. Perhaps the most famous variant of this internationally is the Taiwanese version that is ubiquitous in night markets on the island. Other variations can also be found in areas with large diaspora communities from the aforementioned regions, such as Singapore, Penang and Bangkok. Known as 蚵仔煎 (ô-á-chiān) in Minnan-speaking areas (including Taiwan, where the Mandarin name is nearly unknown), and 蠔烙 (o5 luah4) in Teochew-speaking areas.

Noodles
Noodles originated in China: the earliest written record of them dates to some 2,000 years ago, and archaeological evidence has been reported of noodle consumption 4,000 years ago at Lajia in eastern Qinghai. Chinese has no single word for noodles, instead dividing them into miàn (面), made from wheat, and fěn (粉), made from rice or sometimes other starches. Noodles vary by region, with a variety of ingredients, widths, methods of preparation, and toppings, but are typically served with some kind of meat and/or vegetables. They may be served with soup or dry (with just a sauce).

Sauces and flavorings used with noodles include Sichuanese tingly-spicy (麻辣, málà) sauce, sesame sauce (麻酱, májiàng), soy sauce (酱油 jiàngyóu), vinegar (醋, cù), and many others.


 * Biangbiang noodles (Biang (简体).svgBiang (简体).svg面, biángbiáng miàn) – thick, wide, chewy, hand-made noodles from Shaanxi, whose name is written with a character so complicated and little-used that it's not listed in dictionaries and can't be entered on most computers (click on the character to see a larger version). You might also see them listed as 油泼面 (yóupō miàn) on menus that couldn't print the character correctly.
 * Chongqing noodles (重庆小面, Chóngqìng xiǎo miàn) – tingly-spicy noodles usually served with soup, probably the most famous dish from Chongqing along with hot pot.
 * Dāndān miàn (担担面) – Sichuanese tingly-spicy thin noodles, served "dry" or with soup.
 * Fried noodles (炒面, chǎo miàn, and 炒粉 chǎo fěn or 河粉 héfěn) – known to Chinese-restaurant-goers in other countries as "chow mein" and "chow fun" after their Cantonese pronunciations, these stir-fried noodles vary by region. They're not always as oily and heavy as the stuff you'll find at many overseas Chinese restaurants. Not to be confused with chǎo fàn (炒饭), which is fried rice.
 * Hot dry noodles (热干面, règānmiàn), a simple dish of noodles with sauce, "dry" in the sense of being served without soup. A specialty of Wuhan, Hubei.
 * Knife-cut noodles (刀削面, dāoxiāo miàn) – from Shanxi, not thin but not exactly wide either, served with a range of sauces. "The more you chew them, the tastier they get."
 * Lánzhōu lāmiàn (兰州拉面, Lánzhōu lāmiàn), fresh Lanzhou-style hand-pulled noodles. This industry is heavily dominated by members of the Hui (回族) ethnic group—look for a tiny restaurant with staff in Muslim dress, white fez-like hats on the men and head scarves on the women. If you're looking for halal food outside a Muslim-majority area, these restaurants are a good bet—many have signs advertising "halal" (清真, qīngzhēn) in Chinese or Arabic.
 * Liángpí (凉皮), flat noodles served cold, originating in Shaanxi.
 * Lo mein (拌面, bàn miàn) – thin, dry noodles with sauce.
 * Longevity noodles (长寿面, chángshòu miàn) are a traditional birthday dish, the long noodles symbolizing a long life.
 * Luósīfěn (螺蛳粉) – noodles with river snail soup from Guangxi.
 * Over-the-bridge noodles (过桥米线, guò qiáo mǐxiàn) – rice noodle soup from Yunnan.
 * Wonton noodles (云吞面 yún tūn miàn) – a Cantonese dish, consisting of thin egg noodles served in soup with pork dumplings. In Hong Kong, the dumplings usually have shrimp instead of pork filling. Different variations of the dish exist among the Cantonese diaspora in Southeast Asia, albeit often heavily modified from the original.

Snacks
Various types of Chinese food provide quick, cheap, tasty, light meals. Street food and snacks sold from portable vendors and hole-in-the-wall shops can be found throughout China's cities, especially good for breakfast or a snack. Wangfujing district's Snack Street in Beijing is a notable, if touristy, area for street food. In Cantonese-speaking areas, street food vendors are called gai bin dong; such ventures can grow into a substantial business with the stalls only barely "mobile" in the traditional street food sense. In addition to little street vendors, some of these items can be found on the menu at restaurants, or at the counter in convenience stores like 7-Eleven. Various quick eats available nationwide include:


 * Bāozi (包子) – steamed buns stuffed with sweet or savory filling such as vegetables, meat, sweet red bean paste, custard, or black sesame seeds
 * Barbecued meat skewers (串 chuàn) from street vendors. Easy to spot since even the character looks like a kebab! Fiery Uyghur-style lamb kebabs (羊肉串 yángròu chuàn) from Xinjiang are particularly renowned.
 * Congee (粥 zhōu or 稀饭 xīfàn) – rice porridge. The Cantonese, Teochew and Minnan people in particular have elevated this seemingly simple dish into an art form. Each of them have their own distinctive and highly-celebrated styles.
 * Fish balls (鱼丸 yúwán) – fish paste moulded into the shape of a ball, popular in much of coastal Guangdong and Fujian, as well as in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Two cities in particular are famous among ethnic Chinese worldwide for their versions of this dish; Shantou-style fish balls are typically plain with no fillings, while Fuzhou-style fish balls are typically filled with minced pork.
 * Jiānbǐng (煎饼), an egg pancake wrapped around a cracker with sauce and, optionally, chili sauce.
 * Jiǎozi (饺子), which Chinese translate as "dumplings", boiled, steamed or fried ravioli-like items with a variety of fillings, a staple in much of northern China. These are found throughout Asia: momos, mandu, gyoza and jiaozi are all basically variations of the same thing, while some European cuisines also have similar dishes, such as pelmeni in Russia, varenyky in Ukraine, pirohy in Slovakia and pierogi in Poland. An essential Chinese New Year dish in most northern Chinese families.
 * Làtiáo (辣条) - A relatively new and popular Chinese snack consists of strips made with wheat flour (especially wheat gluten), flavored with chili pepper. It is chewy, spicy, and tangy.
 * Mántou (馒头) – plain steamed buns, often served and eaten with condensed milk.
 * Mooncakes (月饼 yuèbǐng) – traditionally eaten during the Mid Autumn Festival, usually falling some time in September or October. These are usually available only during the weeks leading up to the festival, when many restaurants and bakeries would sell them, though some traditional bakeries may sell them year-round. These come in a wide variety of regional styles that are vastly different from each other; by far the most popular internationally is the Cantonese style, which traditionally has a lotus seed paste filling with one or more salted duck's egg yolk with a chewy crust.
 * Tofu pudding (豆花, dòuhuā; or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā) – in southern China, this soft pudding is usually sweet and can be served with toppings such as red beans or syrup. In northern China, it's savory, made with soy sauce, and is often called dòufunǎo (豆腐脑), literally "tofu brains". In Taiwan it's sweet and has a lot of liquid, making it as much a drink as a food.
 * Wonton – a type of Chinese dumpling, similar to jiaozi but typically with thinner skin, less filling and wrapped into a triangular shape. They go by different names in different part of China, with 馄饨 (húntun) being the most common Chinese name overall, 云吞 (yúntūn) in Cantonese-speaking areas, 抄手 (chāoshǒu) in Sichuan, and 扁肉 (biǎnròu) or 扁食 (biǎnshi) in much of Fujian province.
 * Wōwōtóu (窝窝头) – cone-shaped steamed cornbread, popular in northern China
 * Yóutiáo (油条) – literally "oily strip", known as "deep-fried ghost" (油炸鬼) in Cantonese-speaking areas, a sort of long, fluffy, oily pastry. Youtiao with soy milk is the quintessential Taiwanese breakfast, while youtiao is a common condiment for congee in Cantonese cuisine. Legends said that the youtiao is a commoner's protest of a collaborator who framed a patriotic general to death during the Southern Song Dynasty.
 * Zhágāo (炸糕) – a little sweet fried pastry
 * Zòngzi (粽子) – large sticky rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves, traditionally eaten on the Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu Festival) in May or June. On the Dragon Boat Festival, you may be able to find them for sale at shops that sell other kinds of dumplings and steamed buns, and it's possible you'll even see them at other times of year. The stuffing can be savory (咸的 xián de) with meat or eggs, or sweet (甜的 tián de). The savory ones are more popular in southern China, sweet in the north, while the Chaoshan region has a unique style combining sweet and savory fillings. While they come in a wide variety of regional styles, the most famous place to get the savory pork version is the city of Jiaxing in Zhejiang, which holds a zongzi-making competition every year around the Dragon Boat Festival.

You can also find various items, usually sweet, from the ubiquitous bakeries (面包店, miànbāodiàn). A great variety of sweets and sweet foods found in China are often sold as snacks, rather than as a post-meal dessert course in restaurants as in the West.

Fruit

 * Dragon fruit (火龙果, huǒlóngguǒ) is a strange-looking fruit if you're unfamiliar with it, with pink skin, pink or green soft spikes poking out, white or red flesh, and black seeds. The kind with red flesh is sweeter and more expensive, but the white kind is more refreshing.
 * Jujube (枣, zǎo), sometimes called the "Chinese date", presumably due to its size and shape, but its taste and texture are more like an apple. There are several different types, and you can buy them fresh or dried. Often used to make various Cantonese soups.
 * Kiwifruit (猕猴桃, míhóutáo, or sometimes 奇异果, qíyìguǒ), native to China, where you can find many different varieties, small and large, with flesh ranging in color from dark green to orange. Many people have never tasted a truly ripe kiwi—if you're used to tart kiwis that you have to cut with a knife, do yourself a favor and try one that's fresh, ripe, and in season.
 * Longan (龙眼, lóngyǎn, literally "dragon eye") is similar to the better-known lychee (below), but smaller, with a slightly lighter flavor and a smoother, pale yellow or brown peel. It's harvested in Southern China slightly later in the year than lychees, but can be found for sale at other times of year as well.
 * Lychee (荔枝, lìzhī) is a wonderfully sweet, juicy fruit with a somewhat perfumy taste, and at its best when its peel is red. It is harvested in the late spring and early summer in areas of Southern China such as Guangdong Province.
 * Mangosteen (山竹, shānzhú), a dark purple fruit the size of a small apple. To eat it, squeeze it from the bottom until the thick peel cracks, then open it and eat the sweet white flesh.
 * Plum (梅子, méizi; 李子, lǐzi) – Chinese plums are typically smaller, harder, and tarter than plums you would find in North America. They're popular fresh or dried.
 * Yángméi (杨梅) is a kind of plum, purple with a fine knobby surface. It's sweet and has a texture that's hard to describe, sort of like a grainy strawberry or raspberry.
 * Pomelo (柚子, yòuzi) – sometimes called "Chinese grapefruit", but actually the grapefruit is a cross between this large citrus fruit and the orange. Its flesh is sweeter but less juicy than a grapefruit, which means you can eat it with your hands and don't need a knife or spoon. Harvested in autumn, a pomelo is too big for one person to eat, so share it with your companions.
 * Wampee (黄皮, huángpí), another fruit similar to the longan and lychee, but grape-shaped and slightly tart.
 * Watermelon (西瓜, xīguā) is very commonly available in the summertime. Chinese watermelons tend to be spherical, rather than elongated in one dimension.

In China, tomatoes and avocados are considered fruits. Avocados are uncommon, but tomatoes are frequently eaten as snacks, ingredients in desserts, or stir-fried with scrambled eggs.

Tea


Tea (茶, chá) can of course be found at restaurants and at dedicated tea houses. In addition to the more traditional "neat" tea without milk or sugar, bubble tea with milk and tapioca balls (served hot or cold) is popular, and you can find bottled sweet iced tea in stores and vending machines.

China is the birthplace of tea culture, and at the risk of stating the obvious, there's a lot of tea (茶 chá) in China. Green tea (绿茶 lǜchá) is served up for free in some restaurants (depending on region) or for a small fee. Some common types served are:


 * gunpowder tea (珠茶 zhūchá): a green tea so-named not after the taste but after the appearance of the bunched-up leaves used to brew it (the Chinese name "pearl tea" is rather more poetic)
 * jasmine tea (茉莉花茶 mòlihuachá): green tea scented with jasmine flowers
 * oolong (烏龍 wūlóng): a half-fermented mountain tea.

However, specialist tea houses serve a vast variety of brews, ranging from the pale, delicate white tea (白茶 báichá) to the powerful fermented and aged pu'er tea (普洱茶 pǔ'ěrchá). Tea brewing is an art in China, and there are numerous ancient treatises dedicated to perfecting this art form. For the most serious connoisseurs, even the choice of teapot and water source are important aspects of preparing the perfect brew, with different types of teapots being paired with different types of tea. Traditionally, Chinese people consider spring water to be the best type of water for brewing tea, and there are even specific springs that are paired with specific types of tea.

For those who want a unique cultural experience, South Fujian, Chaoshan and Taiwan are home to an elaborate tea ceremony known as the Gongfu tea ceremony (工夫茶 gōngfuchá). Unlike the better-known Japanese tea ceremony, which emphasises etiquette, the Chinese Gongfu tea ceremony places an emphasis on bringing out the best flavour of the tea. Another unique tea tradition is the long spout teapot performance, originating in Sichuan, where a copper teapot with a very long spout is used to pour tea using moves inspired by traditional Chinese martial arts in order to entertain guests.

The price of tea in China is about the same as anywhere else, as it turns out. Like wine and other indulgences, a product that is any of well-known, high-quality or rare can be rather costly and one that is two or three of those can be amazingly expensive. As with wines, the cheapest stuff should usually be avoided and the high-priced products left to buyers who either are experts themselves or have expert advice, but there are many good choices in the middle price ranges.

Tea shops typically sell by the jin (斤 jīn, 500g, a little over an imperial pound); prices start around ¥50 a jin and there are many quite nice teas in the ¥100-300 range. Most shops will also have more expensive teas; prices up to ¥2,000 a jin are fairly common. The record price for top grade tea sold at auction was ¥9,000 per gram; that was for a rare da hong pao from Mount Wuyi from a few bushes on a cliff, difficult to harvest and once reserved for the Emperor.

Various areas of China have famous teas, but the same type of tea will come in many different grades, much as there are many different burgundies at different costs. Hangzhou, near Shanghai, is famed for its "Dragon Well" (龙井 lóngjǐng) green tea. Fujian and Taiwan have the most famous oolong teas (乌龙茶 wūlóngchá), "Dark Red Robe" (大红袍 dàhóngpáo) from Mount Wuyi, "Iron Goddess of Mercy" (铁观音 tiěguānyīn) from Anxi, and "High Mountain Oolong" (高山烏龍 gāoshān wūlóng) from Taiwan. Pu'er in Yunnan has the most famous fully fermented tea, pǔ'ěrchá (普洱茶). This comes compressed into hard cakes, originally a packing method for transport by horse caravan to Burma and Tibet. The cakes are embossed with patterns; some people hang them up as wall decorations.

Most tea shops will be more than happy to let you sit down and try different varieties of tea. Tenfu Tea is a national chain with over 1000 locations, and in Beijing "Wu Yu Tai" is the one some locals say they favor.

Black tea, the type of tea most common in the West, is known in China as "red tea" (紅茶 hóngchá). While almost all Western teas are black teas, the converse isn't true, with many Chinese teas also falling into the "black tea" category.

Normal Chinese teas are always drunk neat, without sugar or milk. However, in some areas you will find Hong Kong style "milk tea" (奶茶 nǎichá) or Tibetan "butter tea". Taiwanese bubble tea (珍珠奶茶 Zhēnzhū Nǎichá) is also popular; the "bubbles" are balls of tapioca and milk or fruit are often mixed in. Hainan also has its own local style of milk tea that was introduced there by returning overseas Hainanese from Southeast Asia.

Coffee
Coffee (咖啡 kāfēi) is becoming quite popular in urban China, though it can be quite difficult to find in smaller towns.

Several chains of coffee shops have branches in many cities, including Starbucks (星巴克), UBC Coffee (上岛咖啡), Ming Tien Coffee Language and SPR, which most Westerners consider the best of the bunch. All offer coffee, tea, and both Chinese and Western food, generally with good air conditioning, wireless Internet, and nice décor. In most locations they are priced at ¥15-40 or so a cup, but beware of airport locations which sometimes charge around ¥70.

There are many small independent coffee shops or local chains. These may also be high priced, but often they are somewhat cheaper than the big chains. Quality varies from excellent to abysmal.

For cheap coffee just to stave off withdrawal symptoms, there are several options. Go to a Western fast food chain (KFC, McD, etc.) for some ¥8 coffee. Alternately, almost any supermarket or convenience store will have both canned cold coffee and packets of instant Nescafé (usually pre-mixed with whitener and sugar) - just add hot water. It is common for travellers to carry a few packets to use in places like hotel rooms or on trains, where coffee may not be available but hot water almost always is.

Other non-alcoholic drinks



 * Sour prune juice (酸梅汤 suānméitāng) – sweet and sour, and quite a bit tastier than what you might know as "prune juice" back home. Served at restaurants fairly often.
 * Soymilk (豆浆 dòujiāng) – different from the stuff that's known as "soymilk" in Europe or the Americas. You can find it at some street food stalls and restaurants. The server may ask if you want it hot (热 rè) or cold (冷 lěng); otherwise the default is hot. Vegans and lactose-intolerant people beware: there are two different beverages in China that are translated as "soymilk": 豆浆 dòujiāng should be dairy-free, but 豆奶 dòunǎi may contain milk.
 * Apple vinegar drink (苹果醋饮料 píngguǒ cù yǐnliào) – it might sound gross, but don't knock it till you try it! A sweetened carbonated drink made from vinegar; look for the brand 天地壹号 Tiāndì Yīhào.
 * Herbal tea (凉茶 liáng chá) – a specialty of Guangdong. You can find sweet herbal tea drinks at supermarkets and convenience stores – look for the popular brands 王老吉 Wánglǎojí and 加多宝 Jiāduōbǎo. Or you can get the traditional, very bitter stuff at little shops where people buy it as a cold remedy.
 * Winter melon punch (冬瓜茶 dōngguā chá) – a very sweet drink that originated in Taiwan, but has also spread to much of southern China and the overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia.
 * Hot water (热水 rè shuǐ) – traditionally in China, ordinary water is drunk hot rather than cold. It may seem counterintuitive, but drinking hot water helps you sweat and thus cool off during the hot summer months. Nowadays there are plenty of people in China who drink cold water too, but if you happen to get a cold or feel ill during your trip, you're sure to hear lots of people advising you: "Drink more hot water."

Alcoholic

 * Báijiǔ (白酒) is very strong, clear grain liquor, made from sorghum and sometimes other grains depending on the region. The word "jiǔ" can be used for any alcoholic drink, but is often translated as "wine". Chinese may therefore call baijiu "white wine" in conversation, but "white lightning" would be a better translation, since it is generally 40% to 65% alcohol by volume.
 * Baijiu will typically be served at banquets and festivals in tiny shot glasses. Toasts are ubiquitous at banquets or dinners on special occasions. Many Chinese consume baijiu only for this ceremonial purpose, though some &mdash; more in northern China than in the south &mdash; do drink it more often.
 * Baijiu is definitely an acquired taste, but once the taste is acquired, it's quite fun to "ganbei" (toast) a glass or two at a banquet.
 * Maotai (茅台 Máotái) or Moutai, made in Guizhou Province, is China's national liquor and most famous brand of baijiu. Made from sorghum, Maotai and its expensive cousins are well known for their strong fragrance and are actually sweeter than western clear liquors as the sorghum taste is preserved — in a way. Its signature Feitian 53 range, sold in a white and red bottle with a red ribbon tied around the cap, contains 53% alcohol.
 * Kaoliang (高粱酒 gāoliángjiǔ) is a premium type of sorghum liquor most famously made on the island of Kinmen under the eponymous brand Kinmen Kaoling Liquor, which while just off the coast of Xiamen is controlled by Taiwan. Considered to be the national drink of Taiwan. Their signature product is the 58° Kinmen Kaoliang, sold in a glass bottle with a white label and golden wording, contains 58% alcohol.
 * Wuliangye (五粮液 Wǔliángyè) from Yibin, Sichuan is another premium type of baijiu. Its name literally translates as "five grains liquor", referring to the five different types of grains that go into its production, namely sorghum, glutinous rice, rice, wheat and maize. Some of its more premium grades are among the most expensive liquors in the world, retailing at several thousand US dollars per bottle.


 * The cheapest baijiu is the Beijing-brewed èrguōtóu (二锅头). It is most often seen in pocket-size 100 ml bottles which sell for around ¥5. It comes in two variants: 53% and 56% alcohol by volume. Ordering "xiǎo èr" (erguotou's diminutive nickname) will likely raise a few eyebrows and get a chuckle from working-class Chinese.
 * There are many brands of baijiu, and as is the case with other types of liquor, both quality and price vary widely. Foreigners generally try only low-end or mid-range baijiu, and they are usually unimpressed; the taste is often compared to diesel fuel. However a liquor connoisseur may find high quality, expensive baijiu quite good. The first two on this list are often served to foreign dignitaries at state banquets; perhaps most notably, Chinese president Xi Jinping brought a bottle of Maotai, while Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou brought a bottle of Kinmen Kaoliang to their meeting in Singapore in 2015.


 * Beer (啤酒 píjiǔ) is common in China, especially the north. Beer is served in nearly every restaurant and sold in many grocery stores. The typical price is about ¥2.5-4 in a grocery store, ¥4-18 in a restaurant, around ¥10 in an ordinary bar, and ¥20-40 in a fancier bar. Most places outside of major cities serve beer at room temperature, regardless of season, though places that cater to tourists or expatriates have it cold. The most famous brand is Tsingtao (青島 Qīngdǎo) from Qingdao, which was at one point a German concession. Other brands abound and are generally light beers in a pilsner or lager style with 3-4% alcohol. This is comparable to many American beers, but weaker than the 5-6% beers found almost everywhere else. In addition to national brands, most cities will have one or more cheap local beers. Some companies (Tsingtao, Yanjing) also make a dark beer (黑啤酒 hēipíjiǔ). In some regions, beers from other parts of Asia are fairly common and tend to be popular with travellers &mdash; Filipino San Miguel in Guangdong, Singaporean Tiger in Hainan, and Laotian Beer Lao in Yunnan.
 * Grape wine: Locally made grape wine (葡萄酒 pútáojiǔ) is common and much of it is reasonably priced, from ¥15 in a grocery store, about ¥100-150 in a fancy bar. However, most of the stuff bears only the faintest resemblance to Western wines. The Chinese like their wines red and very sweet, and they're typically served over ice or mixed with Sprite.
 * Great Wall and Dynasty are large brands with a number of wines at various prices; their cheaper (under ¥40) offerings generally do not impress Western wine drinkers, though some of their more expensive products are often found acceptable.
 * China's most prominent wine-growing region is the area around Yantai. Changyu is perhaps its best-regarded brand: its founder introduced viticulture and winemaking to China in 1892. Some of their low end wines are a bit better than the competition.
 * In addition to the aforementioned Changyu, if you're looking for a Chinese-made, Western-style wine, try to find these labels:
 * Suntime, with a passable Cabernet Sauvignon
 * Yizhu, in Yili and specializing in ice wine
 * Les Champs D'or, French-owned and probably the best overall winery in China, from Xinjiang
 * Imperial Horse and Xixia, from Ningxia
 * Mogao Ice Wine, Gansu
 * Castle Estates, Shandong
 * Shangrila Estates, from Zhongdian, Yunnan
 * Wines imported from Western countries can also be found, but they are often extremely expensive. For some wines, the price in China is more than three times what you would pay elsewhere.


 * There are also several brands and types of rice wine. Most of these resemble a watery rice pudding, they are usually sweet and contain a minute amount of alcohol for taste. Travellers' reactions to them vary widely. These do not much resemble Japanese sake, the only rice wine well known in the West.
 * Chinese brandy (白兰地 báilándì) is excellent value; like grape wine or baijiu, prices start under ¥20 for 750 ml, but many Westerners find the brandies far more palatable. A ¥18-30 local brandy is not an over ¥200 imported brand-name cognac, but it is close enough that you should only buy the cognac if money doesn't matter. Expats debate the relative merits of brandies including Chinese brand Changyu. All are drinkable.
 * The Chinese are also great fans of various supposedly medicinal liquors, which usually contain exotic herbs and/or animal parts. Some of these have prices in the normal range and include ingredients like ginseng. These can be palatable enough, if tending toward sweetness. Others, with unusual ingredients (snakes, turtles, bees, etc.) and steep price tags, are probably best left to those that enjoy them.

Restaurants
Many restaurants in China charge a cover charge of a few yuan per person.

If you don't know where to eat, a formula for success is to wander aimlessly outside of the touristy areas (it's safe), find a place full of locals, skip empty places and if you have no command of Mandarin or the local dialect, find a place with pictures of food on the wall or the menu that you can muddle your way through. Whilst you may be persuaded to order the more expensive items on the menu, ultimately what you want to order is your choice, and regardless of what you order, it is likely to be far more authentic and cheaper than the fare that is served at the tourist hot spots.

Ratings
Yelp is virtually unknown in China, while the Michelin Guide only covers Shanghai and Guangzhou, and is not taken very seriously by most Chinese people. Instead, most Chinese people rely on local website Dazhong Dianping for restaurant reviews and ratings. While it is a somewhat reliable way to search for good restaurants in your area, the downside is that it is only in Chinese. In Hong Kong, some people use Open Rice for restaurant reviews and ratings in Chinese and English.

Types of restaurants
Hot pot restaurants are popular in China. The way they work varies a bit, but in general you choose, buffet-style, from a selection of vegetables, meat, tofu, noodles, etc., and they cook what you chose into a soup or stew. At some you cook it yourself, fondue-style. These restaurants can be a good option for travellers who don't speak Chinese, though the phrases là (辣, "spicy"), bú là (不辣, "not spicy") and wēilà (微辣, "mildly spicy") may come in handy. You can identify many hot pot places from the racks of vegetables and meat waiting next to a stack of large bowls and tongs used to select them. Cantonese cuisine is known internationally for dim sum (点心, diǎnxīn), a style of meal served at breakfast or lunch where a bunch of small dishes are served in baskets or plates. At a dim sum restaurant, the servers may bring out the dishes and show them around so you can select whatever looks good to you or you may instead be given a checkable list of dishes and a pen or pencil for checking the ones you want to order. As a general rule, Cantonese diners always order shrimp dumplings (虾饺, xiājiǎo in Mandarin, hāgáau in Cantonese) and pork dumplings (烧卖, shāomài in Mandarin, sīumáai in Cantonese) whenever they eat dim sum, even though they may vary the other dishes. This is because the two aforementioned dishes are considered to be so simple to make that all restaurants should be able to make them, and any restaurant that cannot make them well will probably not make the other more complex dishes well. Moreover, because they require minimal seasoning, it is believed that eating these two dishes will allow you to gauge the freshness of the restaurant's seafood and meat.

Big cities and places with big Buddhist temples often have Buddhist restaurants serving unique and delicious all-vegetarian food, certainly worth trying even if you love meat. Many of these are all-you-can-eat buffets, where you pay to get a tray, plate, bowl, spoon, cup, and chopsticks, which you can refill as many times as you want. (At others, especially in Taiwan, you pay by weight.) When you're finished you're expected to bus the table yourself. The cheapest of these vegetarian buffets have ordinary vegetable, tofu, and starch dishes for less than ¥20 per person; more expensive places may have elaborate mock meats and unique local herbs and vegetables. Look for the character 素 sù or 齋/斋 zhāi, the 卍 symbol (in this context a Buddhist symbol), or restaurants attached to Buddhist temples.

Chains
Western-style fast food has become popular. KFC (肯德基), McDonald's (麦当劳), Subway (赛百味) and Pizza Hut (必胜客) are ubiquitous, at least in mid-sized cities and above. Some of them have had to change or adapt their concepts for the Chinese market; Pizza Hut is a full-service sit down restaurant chain in China. There are a few Burger Kings (汉堡王), Domino's and Papa John's (棒约翰) as well but only in major cities. (The menu is of course adjusted to suit Chinese tastes – try taro pies at McDonald's or durian pizza at Pizza Hut.) Chinese chains are also widespread. These include Dicos (德克士)—chicken burgers, fries etc., cheaper than KFC and some say better—and Kung Fu (真功夫)—which has a more Chinese menu.



Ordering
Chinese restaurants often offer an overwhelming variety of dishes. Fortunately, most restaurants have picture menus with photos of each dish, so you are saved from despair facing a sea of characters. Starting from mid-range restaurants, there is also likely to be a more or less helpful English menu. Even with the pictures, the sheer number of dishes can be overwhelming and their nature difficult to make out, so it is often useful to ask the waiter to recommend (推荐 tuījiàn) something. They will often do so on their own if they find you searching for a few minutes. The waiter will often keep standing next to your table while you peruse the menu; do not be unnerved by this.

It is increasingly popular for restaurants to provide menus by QR code. You scan a QR code at your table with WeChat or Alipay, and the restaurant's menu pops up on your phone, allowing you to order digitally.

The two-menu system where different menus are presented according to the skin color of a guest remains largely unheard of in China. Most restaurants only have one menu—the Chinese one. Learning some Chinese characters such as beef (牛), pork (猪), chicken (鸡), fish (鱼), stir-fried (炒), deep-fried (炸), braised (烧), baked or grilled (烤), soup (汤), rice (饭), or noodles (面) will take you a long way. As pork is the most common meat in Chinese cuisine, where a dish simply lists "meat" (肉), assume it is pork.

Dishes ordered in a restaurant are meant for sharing amongst the whole party. If one person is treating the rest, they usually take the initiative and order for everyone. In other cases, everyone in the party may recommend a dish. If you are with Chinese people, it is good manners to let them choose, but also fine to let them know your preferences.

If you are picking the dishes, the first question to consider is whether you want rice. Usually you do, because it helps to keep your bill manageable. However, real luxury lies in omitting the rice, and it can also be nice when you want to sample a lot of the dishes. Rice must usually be ordered separately and won’t be served if you don’t order it. It is not free but very cheap, just a few yuan a bowl.

For the dishes, if you are eating rice, the rule of thumb is to order at least as many dishes as there are people. Serving sizes differ from restaurant to restaurant. You can never go wrong with an extra plate of green vegetables; after that, use your judgment, look what other people are getting, or ask the waiter how big the servings are. If you are not eating rice, add dishes accordingly. If you are unsure, you can ask the waiter if they think you ordered enough (你觉得够吗? nǐ juéde gòu ma?).

You can order dishes simply by pointing at them in the menu, saying “this one” (这个 zhè ge). The way to order rice is to say how many bowls of rice you want (usually one per person): X碗米饭 (X wǎn mǐfàn), where X is yì, liǎng, sān, sì, etc. The waiter will repeat your order for your confirmation.

If you want to leave, call the waiter by shouting 服务员 (fúwùyuán), and ask for the bill (买单 mǎidān).

Eating alone
Traditional Chinese dining is made for groups, with lots of shared dishes on the table. This can make for a lonely experience and some restaurants might not know how to serve a single customer. It might however provide the right motivation to find other people (locals or fellow travellers) to eat with! But if you find yourself hungry and on your own, here are some tips:

Chinese-style fast food chains provide a good option for the lone traveller to get filled, and still eat Chinese style instead of western burgers. They usually have picture menus or picture displays above the counter, and offer set deals (套餐 tàocān) that are designed for eating alone. Usually, you receive a number, which is called out (in Chinese) when your dish is ready. Just wait at the area where the food is handed out – there will be a receipt or something on your tray stating your number. The price you pay for this convenience is that ingredients are not particularly fresh. It’s impossible to list all of the chains, and there is some regional variation, but you will generally recognize a store by a colourful, branded signboard. If you can’t find any, look around major train stations or in shopping areas. Department stores and shopping malls also generally have chain restaurants.

A tastier and cheaper way of eating on your own is street food, but exercise some caution regarding hygiene, and be aware that the quality of the ingredients (especially meat) at some stalls may be suspect. That said, as Chinese gourmands place an emphasis on freshness, there are also stalls that only use fresh ingredients to prepare their dishes if you know where to find them. Ask around and check the local wiki page to find out where to get street food in your city; often, there are snack streets or night markets full of stalls. If you can understand Chinese, food vlogs are very popular on Chinese social media, so those are a good option for finding fresh and tasty street food. Another food that can be consumed solo are noodle soups such as beef noodles (牛肉面 niúròumiàn), a dish that is ubiquitous in China and can also be found at many chain stores.

Even if it may be unusual to eat at a restaurant alone, you will not be thrown out and the staff will certainly try to suggest something for you.

Dietary restrictions
People with dietary restrictions will have a hard time in China.

Halal food is hard to find outside areas with a significant Muslim population, but look for Lanzhou noodle (兰州拉面, Lánzhōu lāmiàn) restaurants, which may have a sign advertising "halal" in Arabic (حلال) or Chinese (清真 qīngzhēn). Uyghur cuisine is also gaining in popularity in China's major cities, so an alternative option is to look for Uyghur-operated food stands selling lamb kebabs (羊肉串 yáng ròu chuàn) and naan (馕 náng). If you are studying in China, major Chinese universities usually have halal canteens to cater to their Muslim students, making those good options in areas where the Muslim population is otherwise small.

Kosher food is virtually unknown, and pork is widely used in Chinese cooking (though restaurants can sometimes leave it out or substitute beef). Some major cities have a Chabad or other Jewish center which can provide kosher food or at least advice on finding it, though in the former case you'll probably have to make arrangements well in advance.

Specifically Hindu restaurants are virtually non-existent, though avoiding beef is straightforward, particularly if you can speak some Chinese, and there are plenty of other meat options to choose from.

For strict vegetarians, China may be a challenge, especially if you can't communicate very well in Chinese. You may discover that your noodle soup was made with meat broth, your hot pot was cooked in the same broth as everyone else's, or your stir-fried eggplant has tiny chunks of meat mixed in. If you're a little flexible or speak some Chinese, though, that goes a long way. Meat-based broths and sauces or small amounts of ground pork are common, even in otherwise vegetarian dishes, so always ask. Vegetable and tofu dishes are plentiful in Chinese cuisine, and noodles and rice are important staples. Most restaurants do have vegetable dishes — the challenge is to get past the language barrier to confirm that there isn't meat mixed in with the vegetables. Look for the character 素 sù, approximately meaning "vegetarian", especially in combinations like 素菜 sùcài ("vegetable dish"), 素食 sùshí ("vegetarian food"), and 素面 ("noodles with vegetables"). Buddhist restaurants (discussed above) are a delicious choice. One thing to watch out for, especially at hot pot, is "fish tofu" (鱼豆腐 yúdòufǔ), which can be hard to distinguish from actual tofu (豆腐 dòufǔ) without asking. As traditional Chinese cuisine does not make use of dairy products, non-dessert vegetarian food is almost always vegan. However, ensure that your dish does not contain eggs. If you're looking for vegetarian and vegan restaurants in China, the "Vegetarian Radar" (素食雷达 Sùshí Léidá) website has a useful map, also available as a WeChat program.

Also be careful when ordering bakery items, as lard is frequently used to make traditional Chinese pastries, in much the same way that butter is used to make many Western pastries.

Awareness of food allergies (食物过敏 shíwù guòmǐn) is limited in China. If you can speak some Chinese, staff can usually answer whether food contains ingredients like peanuts or peanut oil, but asking for a dish to be prepared without the offending ingredient is unlikely to work. When in doubt, order something else. Szechuan peppercorn (花椒 huājiāo), used in Szechuan cuisine to produce its signature málà (麻辣) flavor, causes a tingly numbing sensation that can mask the onset of allergies, so you may want to avoid it, or wait longer after your first taste to decide if a dish is safe. Packaged food must be labeled if it contains milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, or soy (the same as the U.S., likely due to how much food China exports there).

A serious soy (大豆 dàdòu) allergy is largely incompatible with Chinese food, as soy sauce (酱油 jiàngyóu) is used in many Chinese dishes. Keeping a strict gluten-free (不含麸质的 bùhán fūzhì de) diet while eating out is also close to impossible, as most common brands of soy sauce contain wheat; gluten-free products are not available except in expensive supermarkets targeted towards Western expatriates. If you can tolerate a small amount of gluten, you should be able to manage, especially in the south where there's more emphasis on rice and less on wheat. Peanuts (花生 huāshēng) and other nuts are easily noticed in some foods, but may be hidden inside bread, cookies, and desserts. Peanut oil (花生油 huāshēngyóu) and sesame oil (麻油 máyóu or 芝麻油 zhīmayóu) are widely used for cooking, seasoning, and making flavored oils like chili oil, although they are usually highly refined and may be safe depending on the severity of your allergy. With the exception of the cuisines of some ethnic minorities such as the Uyghurs, Tibetans and Mongols, dairy is uncommon in Chinese cuisine, so lactose intolerant people should not have a problem unless you are travelling to ethnic-minority areas.

Respect
There's a stereotype that Chinese cuisine has no taboos and Chinese people will eat anything that moves, but a more accurate description is that food taboos vary by region, and people from one part of China may be grossed out by something that people in another province eat. Cantonese cuisine in particular has a reputation for including all sorts of animal species, including those considered exotic in most other countries or other parts of China. That said, the cuisine of Hong Kong and Macau, while also Cantonese, has somewhat more taboos than its mainland Chinese counterpart as a result of stronger Western influences; dog and cat meat, for instance, are illegal in Hong Kong and Macau.

In Muslim communities, pork is taboo, while attitudes towards alcohol vary widely.

Etiquette
Table manners vary greatly depending on social class, but in general, while speaking loudly is common in cheap streetside eateries, guests are generally expected to behave in a more reserved manner when dining in more upmarket establishments. When eating in a group setting, it is generally impolite to pick up your utensils before the oldest or most senior person at the table has started eating.

China is the birthplace of chopsticks and unsurprisingly, much important etiquette relates to the use of chopsticks. While the Chinese are generally tolerant about table manners, you will most likely be seen as ill-mannered, annoying or offensive when using chopsticks in improper ways. Stick to the following rules:


 * Communal chopsticks (公筷) are not always provided, so diners typically use their own chopsticks to transfer food to their bowl. While many foreigners consider this unhygienic, it is usually safe. It is acceptable to request communal chopsticks from the restaurant, although you may offend your host if you have been invited out. The main exception is Taiwan, where communal chopsticks are the norm, and using your own chopsticks to pick up food from communal dishes is frowned upon.
 * Once you pick a piece, you are obliged to take it. Don't put it back. Confucius says never leave someone with what you don't want.
 * When someone is picking from a dish, don't try to cross over or go underneath their arms to pick from a dish further away. Wait until they finish picking.
 * In most cases, a dish is not supposed to be picked simultaneously by more than one person. Don't try to compete with anyone to pick a piece from the same dish.
 * Don't put your chopsticks vertically into your bowl of rice as it is reminiscent of incense sticks burning at the temple and carries the connotation of wishing death for those around you. Instead, place them across your bowl or on the chopstick rest, if provided.
 * Don't drum your bowl or other dishware with chopsticks. Only beggars do it. People don't find it funny even if you're willing to satirically call yourself a beggar. Likewise, don't repeatedly tap your chopsticks against each other.

Other less important dining rules include:
 * Whittling disposable chopsticks implies you think the restaurant is cheap. Avoid this at any but the lowest-end places, and even there, be discreet.
 * Licking your chopsticks is considered low-class. Take a bite of your rice instead.
 * All dishes are shared, similar to "family style" dining in North America. When you order anything, it's not just for you, it's for everyone. You're expected to consult others before you order a dish. You will usually be asked if there is anything you don't eat, although being overly picky is seen as annoying.
 * Serve others before yourself, when it comes to things like rice and beverages that need to be served to everyone. If you want to serve yourself a second helping of rice, for instance, check first to see if anyone else is running low and offer to serve them first.
 * Making slurping noises when eating is common but could be considered inappropriate, especially among well educated families. However, slurping, like "cupping" when tasting tea, is seen by some gourmets as a way to enhance flavor.
 * It is normal for your host or hostess to put food on your plate. It is a gesture of kindness and hospitality. If you wish to decline, do it in a way so that it does not offend. For example, you should insist that they eat and that you serve yourself.
 * Many travel books say that cleaning your plate suggests that your host did not feed you well and will feel pressured to order more food. Actually this varies regionally, and in general, finishing a meal involves a delicate balance. Cleaning your plate will typically invite more to be served, while leaving too much may be a sign that you didn't like it.
 * Spoons are used when drinking soups or eating thin or watery dishes such as porridge, and sometimes to serve from a serving dish. If no spoon is provided, it's fine to drink soup directly from your bowl.
 * Finger foods are uncommon at restaurants; in general you're expected to eat with chopsticks and/or a spoon. For the rare foods that you are supposed to eat with your hands, disposable plastic gloves may be provided.
 * If a piece is too slippery to take, do it with the aid of a spoon; do not spear it with the sharp end of the chopstick(s).
 * Fish heads are considered a delicacy and may be offered to you as an honored guest. In truth, the cheek meat in some species of fish is particularly savory.
 * If your table has a lazy Susan, check to make sure nobody is grabbing food before you rotate the lazy Susan. Also, before turning the lazy Susan, check to make sure the dishes do not knock off the teacups or chopsticks of others who may have placed it too close to the lazy Susan.
 * In Guangdong and Hong Kong, it is common for people to rinse eating utensils before dishes are served with boiled water or tea, and restaurants will usually provide bowls to collect rinsed water.

Most Chinese people don't put soy sauce on a bowl of steamed rice. In fact, soy sauce is often not even available for diners to use, as it's mainly a cooking ingredient, and only sometimes a condiment. Rice is intended to be a plain side to contrast with flavorful savory dishes, and to bulk out the meal with a starch.

Who pays the bill
In China, restaurants and pubs are very common entertainment places and treating plays an important part in socializing.

While splitting the bill is beginning to be accepted by young people, treating is still the norm, especially when the parties are in obviously different social classes. Men are expected to treat women, elders to juniors, rich to poor, hosts to guests, working class to non-income class (students). Friends of the same class will usually prefer to split the opportunity to pay, rather than split the bill, i.e. "This is my turn, and you treat next time."

It is common to see Chinese competing intensely to pay the bill. You are expected to fight back and say "It's my turn, you treat me next time." The smiling loser will accuse the winner of being too courteous. All these dramas, despite still being common among all generations and usually played wholeheartedly are becoming somewhat less widely practiced among younger, urban Chinese. Whenever you dine with Chinese then you will have fair chances of being treated. For budget travellers, the good news is that Chinese tend to be eager to treat foreigners, although you shouldn't expect much from students and grassroots working-class.

That being said, Chinese tend to be very tolerant towards foreigners. If you feel like going Dutch, try it. They tend to believe that "all foreigners prefer to go Dutch". If they try to argue, it usually means that they insist on paying for your bill as well, not the opposite.

Tipping is not practiced in China, though some restaurants add a cover charge, service charge, or "tea charge" to the bill. If you try to leave a tip, the server may run after you to return the money you "forgot".