Camping food

For a casual picnic in the city park, more or less any food can be brought. For wilderness backpacking and long outdoor life expeditions far from restaurants and supermarkets, limited carrying space and no refrigeration, travellers need to be more selective.

Camping food is either ready to eat, or prepared through outdoor cooking.

Prepare
Food preparation is a critical part of camping for hungry hikers and campers are unhappy or even worse hangry. Make a list of all the parameters ie How many days will you be camping for? How many people are you? What is the weather like? Does anyone have any dietary restrictions? Are there places along the way where you can buy more food? If so, you only need to buy food for each segment. Once you've factored all of this in, you can start to calculate how much food you need to take with you on the first part of your journey. When space is critical, you need to be smart in what you take with you. You need to be mindful of how long the food will last. If you're going for a long time and rely on the same menu, people may get bored of it. So you may consider mixing it up or occasionally having a special menu.

At the end of the day, campers have to appreciate they're going out in to the wild and will be roughing it. There won't be three-course meals or the like. Instead of people complaining or getting upset, they should appreciate that this is part of the experience.

Buy
Outdoor shops offer food prepared and packaged for use on hikes and expeditions, at high markups. While food in supermarkets is usually cheaper, the preparation and packaging is rarely good for outdoor expeditions. They may also have some of the products found in outdoor shops, and some of their ordinary food is suitable on the trail as well.

Another option is to buy regular food for re-packaging and/or cooking at home, to make rations for individual need, size, and taste.

Some traditional preserved foods may also be seasonally available at farmer's markets or roadside stands directly from producers.

Preparation methods

 * Fresh food such as fruits and vegetables provide the best taste and nutrition but are bulky, heavy, and perishable.
 * Canned food is usually cheap, durable, and easy to prepare and serve. Metal and glass containers make up a lot of dead weight, and should not be discarded in the wild. Good for driving expeditions, when baggage weight is less of an issue, and trash can be carried on.
 * Dried food has been used since ancient times. Dried fruit is high in sugar and fibre. There is special drying equipment, suitable for those often drying food for the trail or for the winter, but an ordinary oven (low temperature, possibly half-open door) or drying lines (for thin enough pieces) can be used.
 * Smoke treated food is another traditional option. Warm smoking makes the food just somewhat less perishable, while cold smoking can help quite a bit, but is more difficult at home.
 * Fermented food, by various types of fermentation. Particularly lactic and acidic fermentation have millennia of tradition behind them, and produce foods that can be tasty in their own right and store better than their origin products. Unlike most other types of preservation, some types of fermentation actually increase the amount of certain vitamins. Sauerkraut, for instance, has a history of preventing scurvy on long seafaring expeditions.
 * Freeze-dried food is a high-technology option for minimizing weight, associated with space flights and professional expeditions. A "low-tech" version of freeze drying has been practiced with potatoes in the Andean Highlands since before the first Europeans got there, and with tofu in Mount Koya since the 16th century. The resulting products are usually lightweight and have a long or almost indefinite shelf life.
 * Military food rations are mass-produced for durability, light weight and nutrition, and suitable for action in the field. They may or may not be commonly or legally available to civilians.
 * Salted food was one of the first "chemical" methods of preservation known to humans. In the past salt was incredibly valuable due to its use as a preservative and the word "salary" is derived from the word "salt". Some preparation (e.g. watering) may be necessary to make salted food edible

Dishes

 * Biscuits and cookies contain fats and carbohydrates. Regular cookies might be brittle and turn into crumbs if they're crushed or jostled around too much in your pack.
 * Hard bread, such as seabiscuits, was a staple dish before modern times. Cheap and durable, but less appealing to eat.
 * Chocolate is high in calories and easy to consume, but melts and deteriorates in high temperatures (and taste is diminished by low temperatures).
 * Jerky is meat cut in strips and dried. It has a long tradition in several nomadic cultures around the world and is today offered even in regular supermarkets in western countries in a variety of flavors.
 * Nutrition bars are usually costly, but convenient, and with longer shelf life and more micronutrients than biscuits and chocolate.
 * Pemmican is a high-energy dish invented by the indigenous people of North America, including meat, grease, and berries. It has been popular in polar expeditions.
 * Powdered milk is useful for cooking, baking, and for tea and coffee.
 * Trail mix can contain granola, raisins, nuts, dried fruit and/or chocolate.
 * Pasta (noodles) can be stored for years in dry conditions and needs nothing but water and heat to be prepared into a high-carbohydrate meal.
 * Oatmeal can be stored for 2 to 3 years. It contains plenty of micronutrients, and can easily be boiled to porridge.
 * Sausages Most dry sausages, such as hard salami, can be stored for at least six weeks at room temperature. Semi-dry sausages, such as summer sausage, won't last as long.  Sausages are a good source of protein and fat, though they often contain excess amounts of sodium.

Drink
Water is needed for drinking, as well as for making beverages such as coffee and tea. On foot, you can only carry a limited amount of water. There are various methods to make water drinkable, but they all have some drawbacks, be they the need for fuel, taste and health concerns, or simply the time it takes to get water drinkable – and none will be 100% safe to get rid of all possible contaminants.

Packing a few plastic bottles can spare you from buying bottled water, if you can get safe water from other sources (tap water, good wells, water boiled or filtered by yourself, what have you). And a bottle of your choosing is handy if you buy water or other drinkables in packages that cannot be closed once opened.

While alcoholic beverages can provide an experience of relaxation, community and celebration, they drain the body of heat and water, not to mention the impairment of being drunk.

Stay healthy
Shelf life varies greatly between different foodstuffs. Properly stored industrial food generally remains good some time past the "best before" time that's stamped on the product, at least for products with a shelf life of several months – but their nutritional and culinary values hardly increase with age. Products with a "use by" date, such as fresh meat, may become unsafe to eat soon after that date.

Anything protected from air will become perishable once the protection is broken. Tins and other products that depend on a sealed envelope should not be consumed if they might be defective. Most products with a metal lid are packed hot, which means there should be negative pressure and a click when they are opened; if not, there has probably been microbiological activity. Bloated cans – which includes cans that are even slightly bulging at the end – are a dead giveaway for Clostridium botulinum contamination, which produces one of the most lethal toxins known to man. When in doubt, throw it out.

Many of the preservation methods rely critically on being performed the right way, such as drying a product fast enough, using absolutely clean cans, having the right amount of preservatives, or keeping a product under the level of the preservation liquid. It is easy to invite Clostridium botulinum or other nastiness. Do not improvise unless you are sure about what you are doing. Also, storing the product in the right way afterwards is important.

Some food prepared to store well does so only at cool or moderate temperatures (5–20°C, 40–70°F). While some signs of food being spoiled are immediately apparent to the unaided human eye or nose, there are some types of microbiological or other contamination that are not apparent to the naked eye. The best way to avoid those is to never store food for much longer, or under vastly different conditions, than it was intended to.

Most preservation methods, but particularly heating, destroy some vitamins. These same methods may also increase the bioavailability of other nutrients. Other methods, such as salt-based methods for drying meat and fish, may greatly increase the sodium and/or sugar content. A varied diet is the best approach.

The body's need of nutrition depends on age and degree of activity. Therefore, military rations in particular are not very suitable for civilian consumption. Even the US Army recommends its MREs to only be used in the field by soldiers and only when there is no suitable alternative. They are designed for a highly active soldier in his or her physical prime.